1. Help to clarify precisely what happened, where, or in what order (when). After conducting the marriage ceremony, Captain Carl sailed to the Antarctic with his crew.

2. I shiver in a frozen sleeping bag. The inside fur is a mass of ice, congealed from my breath. One creeps into the bag, zips up with half frozen fingers, and hears the crackling of the ice. Drops of thawing ice fall on one’s head. Then comes a fit of shivers. Prepositional Phrases consist of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object.

3. AboutBeforeDuringOffToward AboveBehindExceptOnUnder AcrossBelowForOutUnderneath AfterBeneathFromOutsideUntil AgainstBesideInOverUnto AlongBetweenInsidePastUp AmongBeyondIntoSinceUpon AroundButLikeThroughWith AsByNearThroughoutWithin AtDownOftoWithout Common Prepositions locationtimewhat/ other relationship

4. Adjective Phrases: Adverb Phrases: Phrases that modify nouns or pronouns Phrases that modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs Then comes a fit of shivers. Carl shivered in a frozen sleeping bag.

5. Appositive Phrases A noun or pronoun that identifies or renames another noun or pronoun in a sentence. Example: The English biologist Dian Fossey wrote about eyewitness accounts of gorillas. Fossey studied the mountain gorilla, an endangered species. Icarus, one of the gorillas Fossey studied, was the only member of his group who was not afraid of her at first. The group included two silverbacks, elder males whose fur had turned a silver color. The silverback Beethoven weighed about 350 pounds and was probably around 40 years old. Fossey wrote about Beethoven and the other gorillas in her only book, Gorillas in the Mist.

6. APPOSITIVESADJECTIVE CLAUSES Rename the nounTell which one; clarify; incl. verb Influenza, a silent stalker, looms on often-touched surfaces, waiting to infect its next victim. Influenza is a disease which looms on often-touched surfaces, waiting to infect its next victim. Comparing Interrupters

7. Independent & Subordinate Clauses a group of words that contains a subject and a verb Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a complete sentence Does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence

8. Independent & Subordinate Clauses Practice: Identify the italicized words as independent or subordinate clauses. 1.Before you sign up for a vacation trip, read the fine print. 2.Most tour companies are responsible operators. 3.However, travelers must agree to their terms and conditions. 4.Whenever you see the word “ liability, ” read the text carefully. 5.Pay attention to the details as you read.

9. Types of Subordinate Clauses A subordinate clause used as an adjective to modify a noun or pronoun A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, and adjective, or another adverb

10. subordinate clause that is used as a noun in a sentence