1. The Chemistry of Life
Ch 6

2. Atoms & Their Interaction
Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter.

3. Atoms
Consist of a nucleus containing protons & usually neutrons. The positively charged nucleus is surrounded by rapidly moving, negatively charged electrons.

4. Stability
Atoms become stable by bonding to other atoms through covalent or ionic bonds.

5. Mixture vs. Solution Components of mixtures retain their properties
Solutions are mixtures in which the components are evenly distributed

6. Acids & Bases
Acids are substances that form hydrogen ions in water. Bases are substances that form hydroxide ions in water.

7. Examples
Acids
Bases

8. Water & Diffusion
Water is the most abundant compound in living things.
Water is an excellent solvent due to the polar property of its molecules.
Particles of matter are in constant motion.

9. Diffusion occurs from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

10. 3 key factors affect the rate of diffusion:
Concentration - primary controlling factor!(The more concentrated the substances the more rapidly diffusion occurs due to more collisions between particles.)
Temperature - (An increase in temperature increases energy and causes what to happen?)
Pressure - (An increase in pressure accelerates particle motion and what will happen?)

11. Carbon All organic compounds contain carbon atoms.
Looking for carbon-based life forms…

12. There are 4 principal types of organic compounds, or biomolecules, that make up living things:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

13. Carbohydrates can be categorized by the following:
Monosaccharide is the simplest form of a carbohydrate. It is a simple sugar
Ex. Glucose and fructose
Disaccharide is the combination of two monosaccharide sugars When glucose and fructose are Chemically combined sucrose (table sugar) is formed
Polysaccharides are the largest carbohydrate molecules

14. There are 3 major types of polysaccharides:
starch – energy storage by plants and as food in seeds and bulbs
glycogen – energy storage in livers of mammals
cellulose – forms the cell wall of plants and gives structural support

15. Lipids are very important for the proper functioning of organisms.
Cells use lipids for energy storage, insulation and protective covering.
Examples of lipids are: oils, waxes, steroids

16. Proteins: The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids.
Proteins are important in the contracting of muscle tissue, transporting oxygen, in the blood stream, providing immunity and regulating other proteins.
Enzymes are important proteins found in living things.

17. Enzymes-
a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction. It can increase the speed of the reaction.
The rate of enzyme activity depends on:
Temperature
Ionic conditions
pH of environment

18. Nucleic Acids:
Complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
Nucleic Acids are polymers made of smaller subunits called nucleotides

19. The structure of a biomolecule will help determine its properties and functions.