1. ALEC 681: Seminar APA Style: In-text Citations

2. Objectives Discuss the importance of citations in scholarly writing  Provides due diligence  Enables others to locate original sources  Aids in building journal's “impact factor” Demonstrate APA style standards for referencing the most common in-text citations

3. Why use in-text citations? Scholarly publications require accepted standards or rules (APA) In-text citations  Give authority to your writing by showing your ideas are supported by others’ ideas  Identify and credit previous works used in your writing  Give readers a trail to retrieve sources

4. When to use in-text citations Use in-text citations when you  Use a direct quotation  Restate, summarize, or paraphrase an idea, theory, or opinion by another author  Use dates or facts that might be disputed, especially if it is not common knowledge Common knowledge is information that recurs in many sources. If you are uncertain it is common knowledge, cite it.

5. Perils of no in-text citations No “absolute original” research exists  All research builds upon previous works  Reviewers know about previous works Your writing could be viewed as plagiarism Academia views in-text references seriously  Inaccurate documentation is as serious as having no documentation at all (http://www.nausetschools.org/research/intext.htm).

6. Common APA In-text Citations Quotations: APA 3.34, p. 117  Less than 40 words used verbatim from another source require double quotation marks, author(s), year, and page number. Ex. A recent study revealed that “if the goal is to internationalize the agricultural curriculum, then simulation activities may prove to part of the answer” (Boyd, Felton, & Dooley, 2004, p. 68). Boyd et al. (2004) reported that “students exhibited a western viewpoint when making decisions” (p. 66).

7. Common APA In-text Citations Quotations: APA 3.34, p. 117  More than 40 words used verbatim from another source require a freestanding block, indented ½ inch on a new line, plus author(s), year, and page number if available. Ex. In an article on leadership through service, Acker (2005) advised stakeholders that The tough problems are seldom solved by a single discipline. We should focus our research on the really difficult problems of development. Inevitably, this will bring us into research collaboration with other disciplines such as health, child development, management, and engineering. (p. 11)

8. Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, one author: APA 3.94, p. 207  Use author—year method, surname only Ex. Miller (2006) compared philosophies… In a recent study of philosophies (Miller, 2006)… In 2006, Miller compared philosophies of… In a recent study of philosophies in agricultural education research, Miller (2006) described… Miller concluded the traditional positivistic approach…

9. Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, two authors: APA 3.95, p. 208  Cite both authors—year, every time citation is used. Ex. Respondents’ career choices were organized by the 16 career clusters (Talbert & Balschweid, 2006). Talbert and Balschweid (2006) recommended further studies to examine…

10. Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, 3-5 authors: APA 3.95, p. 208  Cite all authors—year, first time only, then first author’s surname with et al. and year thereafter. Ex. Myers, Dyer, and Breja (2003) conceptualized… Myers et al. (2003) reported… Additionally, Myers et al. concluded…

11. Common APA In-text Citations Paraphrase, six authors: APA 3.95, p. 209  Cite only first author’s surname with et al. and year, every time the citation is used. Ex. Lindner et al. (2004) stated… Reference List: Lindner, J., Wingenbach, G., Harlin, J., Li, Y., Lee, I., Jackson, R. et al. (2004). Students' beliefs about science and sources of influence affecting science career choice. NACTA Journal, 48(2), 2-7.

12. Common APA In-text Citations Groups as Authors: APA 3.96, p. 209  Names of groups that serve as authors are written out the first time they appear in text, then may be identified by an abbreviation, if easily recognized, otherwise write full name every time. Ex. …multiple sources to generate appropriate solutions (Board on Agriculture, 1996; United States Department of Agriculture [USDA], 2002). The USDA (2002) acknowledged that…

13. Common APA In-text Citations No Authors: APA 3.97, p. 210  When a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as the in-text reference, capitalizing each word. …the book College Bound Seniors (1979)  Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article or chapter of a book, or italicize it if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report. …on free care (“Study Finds,” 1982)  Anonymous authors should be listed as such with the year. …journeys start with one step (Anonymous, 1995)

14. Common APA In-text Citations Two+ Works in same Parentheses: APA 3.99, p. 212  Same author/same year ordered by year with suffixes …off-farm work and farming respectively (McNamara, 2001a, 2001b) and the impact of…  Same authors/multiple years are ordered by year only …versions of two instruments, College Students’ Perceptions of Biotechnology (Wingenbach et al., 2002, 2003) and…  Multiple authors are alpha-ordered with semi-colon separators …examined characteristics related to teaching and instruction (Deeds, 1993; Edwards & Briers, 2001; Larke et al., 1992) support the importance of the teaching ability…

15. Common APA In-text Citations Specific Parts of a Source: APA, 3.101, p. 213  As used in direct quotes, always provide page numbers, or chapter, section, etc., if no page numbers exist. The NSF (2000) found that “most of what Americans know about science and technology comes from watching television or reading a newspaper” (p. 25). “…statements made by celebrities” (Vestal & Briers, 2000, p. 139) “…leading to outstanding performance” (Stone & Bieber, 1997, ¶ 2)  If page numbers are not included in electronic sources, use the paragraph number preceded by the paragraph symbol or the heading and following paragraph. (Meyers, 2000, ¶ 5) (Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1)

16. Common APA In-text Citations Personal Communications: APA 3.102, p. 214  Letters, interviews, e-mails, and telephone conversations are all personal communications and should be cited in-text.  Not included in the Reference List  Include author’s initials and last name, an indication that it is personal communication, and as complete a date as possible. According to T. G. Roberts (telephone conversation, May 12, 2006), students’ experiences are increasing. “Scholarship in this journal is better” (G. J. Richardson, e-mail to author, November 29, 2006).

17. Common APA In-text Citations Publication Date: APA 4.09, p. 225  When the date is unknown, APA recommends using the abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”). Attempts to establish a definitive link between television programming and children’s eating habits have been problematic (Murano, n.d.).  Use “in press” for articles that have been accepted, but not yet published; no date. Wingenbach and Rutherford (in press) found… Reference List: Wingenbach, G., & Rutherford, T. (in press). State FFA officers’ confidence and trustworthiness of biotechnology information sources. Journal of Agricultural Education.

18. Common APA In-text Citations Secondary Sources: APA 4.16-A22, p. 247  If using a source that was cited in another source (a secondary source), name the primary source in your narrative.  List the secondary source in your reference list and include it in your parenthetical citation, preceded by the words “as cited in.”  In this example, Roberts is the secondary source: Dewey stated “all learning is experiential, but all experiences are not educational” (as cited in Roberts, 2006, p. 17). Reference List: Roberts, T. G. (2006). A philosophical examination of experiential learning theory for agricultural educators. Journal of Agricultural Education, 47(1), 17-29.

19. That’s enough for today! Do you have questions?