2. APA Review Library Information Sciences End of Program Exam
Susan Whitmer
Reference Specialist
University of North Texas Libraries
September 2013

3. Objectives: Reinforce APA 6th guidelines for citing articles
Demonstrate citation examples of scholarly journal articles
Offer detailed reference examples
Answer questions about APA manual, 6th edition
Recommended resources:
APA manual
apastyle.org
End of Program Exam Guide (ultimate source for formatting)
LIS End of Program Examination Class Page (database links, pointers, workshops) guides.library.unt.edu/liseop
The objective of this presentation is to reinforce your knowledge of the APA citation style for the Library Information Science End of Program Exam. The APA sources listed on the References page will assist you with questions about how to cite specific types of materials. However, you should focus on scholarly articles for the purposes of this exam. If you cite books, Web sites, and other materials, refer to apastyle.org for examples.

4. Why cite? Attribute sources to avoid plagiarism
Help the reader find source material
Provide evidence of research
Moving established knowledge forward
Plagiarism is a major reason students fail the LISEOPE. Citations are tedious but it’s important to give credit to ideas that belong to individuals and organizations. Citing provides evidence that you researched the material. Your research is building on the knowledge of others, you are moving knowledge forward.

5. Citation examples In-text citation, single author
In-text citation, multiple authors
Block quote
Citing secondary sources
Reference list
The citation examples we will review are in-text, block quote, author as secondary source, and the reference list. I wasted valuable time trying to figure out how to cite an author quoted within an article. I want to make sure that you don’t have the same frustration I did.

6. In-text citation, single author
Use the author-date method to cite within the body of the text
Examples paraphrasing:
Dill (2009) investigates the relationship between utilitarian bicycling and health of Portland, Oregon cyclists.
Commuter cyclists prefer direct routes over marked bike lanes (Dill, 2009).
Example direct quote:
In conclusion, “regular bicyclists can achieve healthy levels of physical activity through daily travel” (Dill, 2009, p. 104).
Source: APA, Section 6.11: One work by one author
When paraphrasing an author’s material, cite their surname and date of source, no page number is necessary. When using direct quotes, include the page number.

7. In-text citation, multiple authors
Examples:
Works with two authors:
Blickstein and Hanson (2001) observed Critical Mass rides combine sustainability advocates with bicycle celebrants.
Works with three to five authors:
In 2010, Buehler, Handy, and Yan studied bicycle activity in six small U.S. cities.
Works with six or more authors, use the first author’s name followed by “et al.”
The bicycle helmet study implemented by Adams et al. (2001) found that helmet usage prevents head injuries.
Source: APA, Section 6.12: One work by multiple authors
In-text citations with two or more authors require only an and between their last names. With three to five authors, separate authors by commas, then and last author. For works with six or more authors, use “et al.” Et al. is short for the Latin phrase et alii, and others.

8. Block quote
When quotations are 40 words long or longer, use a block quote
Indent the left side a ½ inch
Don’t use quotation marks
Double space
Include the parenthetical information, (Author, date, page #), after the closing punctuation mark
Source: APA, Section 6.03: Direct quotation of sources
The purpose of the LIS End of Program Exams is to prove that you have learned the material and can process information related to your field. I used one block quote per essay.

9. Block quote example:
Szczepanski (2013) recognizes the evolution of bicycling research,
Just a decade ago, there was very little research around bicycling in the U.S. – even in the nation’s two premier cycling cities. Handy and Dill helped to change that with surveys and studies that have revealed why and how Americans ride. (p. 22).
Source: APA, Section 6.03: Direct quotation of sources
Always introduce the quote. This quote is 41 words long. The quote is indented ½ inch on the left, no quotation marks in block quotes, double space, and the parenthetical information is included after the final punctuation mark.

10. Citing indirect sources, in-text
Format:
If John W. English's work is cited in Seher and you did not read English's original work, attribute the information to English but put the source material in parenthesis. List the Seher reference in the reference list. Seher’s work is the source where you found the material.
Example:
English defines bikeways as areas that are open to bicycle travel: bicycle trails, designated bicycle lanes, and shared roadways (as cited in Seher, 2011).
Source: APA, Section 6.17: Secondary sources
Citing indirect sources means that the article you are reading has a quote or paraphrase from another source. If you use a source within an article, only cite the article you consulted directly. Or, if you have time, find the original source so you can provide context. Quoting or paraphrasing indirect/secondary sources is confusing.

11. Reference list Each in-text citation must match one reference
The basics:
Author. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
No doi? Use this format:
Author. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pp-pp. Retrieved from
Source: APA, Chapter 7: Reference examples
Before you turn in your essays, review two ways: first check each in-text citation has a matching reference in the reference list, second check each reference has a matching in-text citation. The basics: author, year of publication, Title of article in sentence format, Title of Periodical in proper noun format and italicized, volume, issue, page number or paragraph number ex: para. 4.

12. Reference list: Single author with doi
Format:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume(issue), pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
Dill, J. (2009). Bicycling for transportation and health: The
role of infrastructure. Journal of Public Health Policy,
30(2), doi: /jphp
Source: APA, Section 7.01: Periodicals
The single author electronic journal article with doi is author, date, Title of article in sentence style, Title of Journal and volume italicized, issue and page number. doi is not capitalized.

13. Reference list: Single author with no doi
Format:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,
volume(issue), pp-pp. Retrieved from xxxxxxxxxx
Example:
Seher, R. (2011, April). I want to ride my bicycle: Why and how cities plan for bicycle infrastructure. Buffalo Law Review, 59(2), 585 – 619. Retrieved from
Source: APA, Section 7.01: Journal articles without DOI

14. Reference list: Multiple authors with doi
Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, xx, pp-pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxx
Example:
Buehler, T. J., Handy, S., & Yan, X. (2010). Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: A study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation, 37(6), doi: /s x
Source: APA, Section 7.01: Journal article with DOI
The digital object identifier, doi, is a permanent and unique identification number for each item registered with an online directory system. The doi is permanent unlike URLs which can disappear with no explanation causing dead or broken links. Not every electronic item has a doi.

15. Reference list: Multiple authors, no doi available
Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pp-pp. Retrieved from
Example:
Buehler, T. J., Handy, S., & Yan, X. (2010). Factors associated with bicycle ownership and use: A study of six small U.S. cities. Transportation, 37(6), Retrieved from
Source: APA, Section 7.01: Journal articles without DOI
If no doi is available, give the URL of the journal home page. In the “Retrieved from” information, it is no longer needed to put the retrieval date. However, it is always necessary to put the publication year after the author name.

16. Conclusion The preferred online APA source is apastyle.org
Articles from electronic periodicals are your major resources
Reference examples are in chapter seven of The Publication Manual of the APA 6th, Examples by Type
Reference examples of print materials are in chapter seven of the APA 6th
During the exam, bookmark the LIS End of Program Examination Class Page. Retrieved from
In conclusion, citing the work of others promotes academic integrity. Citing basics are name(s), date, title, and retrieval information. Use the Publication Manual of the APA, 6th edition, for examples of citation format.

17. References
American Psychological Association. (2013). APA Style. Retrieved from
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Batman, C. (2013). LIS End of Program Examination Class Page. Retrieved from
Szczepanski, C. (2013, March-April). Building a women bike friendly America. American Bicyclist. Retrieved from
Seher, R. (2011, April). I want to ride my bicycle: Why and how cities plan for bicycle infrastructure. Buffalo Law Review, 59(2), 585 – 619. Retrieved from
Source: APA, Chapter seven: Reference examples

18. library.unt.edu