2.   How might the ideals of the Renaissance contribute to Exploration?  Classical Learning- Renaissance society had wanted to learn more  Worldly Pleasures- Focused on living in this world; enjoying what the world had to offer was a way to accomplish this  Celebration of the Individual- Glory for explorers (& eventually nations) Renaissance on the High Seas?

3.   The “ 3 G’s ” of Exploration:  G old: Search for Profits  Begins with the search for Spices and grows to other elements (gold/silver, cotton, coffee, etc.)  Cut out Arab/Turkish middlemen by going straight to the source  Could make a lot of $$$ Exploring the Seas  G lory  Have one’s name remembered forever… eventually turned into a source of national pride  G od: Spread Christianity  Sacred duty to convert all non-believers Why Explore the Sea? The Motivations

4.   Caravel: A Faster Ship  constructed frame- first and covered with planks fitted flush to one another.  carried three or even four masts with lateen (square or triangle) sails How to Explore? New Technologies

5.   Astrolabe : ancient astronomy tool used to map stars and planets. Renaissance seamen used it for navigation by measuring the angle of the sun or stars. More New Technology!

6.   Magnetic compass : aligns with the Earth’s magnetic north-south poles. Mariners used it (and still do to today) to chart their courses and indicate direction. Wait, There’s More!

7.  Portuguese:  Prince Henry  Sponsored school of navigation  Expand his Christian Kingdom  Quest for wealth  Africa (mid 1400’s)  Gold & Ivory  Established trading ports on Gold Coast & West Africa  African Slaves: ideal source of labor after plague  60 years—50,000 African Slaves First Nautical Explorers

8.   Bartholomew Dias (1488)  Navigates the southern tip of Africa; Cape of Good Hope  Vasco da Gama  July 8, 1494 leave for India  10 months later arrives Calicut, India  Returns with cinnamon & pepper in 1499 to heroes welcome—gets $$$  Leads to agreement with Arabs for exclusive trade rights in Indian Ocean, China, and the Spice Islands (Indonesia) Portuguese Explorers

9.   Christopher Columbus  Helped to propel Spain into the forefront of European exploration, conquest, & settlement  Amerigo Vespucci  North & South America named after him  Vasco Nunez de Balboa  Claims Pacific Ocean for Spain  Ferdinand Magellan  1519-1522 Travels around the world  Proves globe was bigger than thought; Americas are separate continents Spanish Explorers

10.   Many explorers (Columbus incl.) were trying to find an alternate route to Asia (China/India)  Instead of going East, we can go West to get to Asia.  Explorers believed there was a water way that led to Asia. Named The Northwest Passage, this mythical body of water was believed to: 1.Go directly from Europe to Asia later, after Americas discovered… 2.Connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans –Unfortunately, it did not exist, and North America stood in their way…what links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans today? Northwest Passage

11.   Spain vs. Portugal  Pope Alexander VI and later Julius II demands both countries sign Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)  Line of Demarcation defined what territories was Spanish and Portuguese in the New World  West= Spain  East= Portugal Who Get’s What?

12.   Following Treaty of Tordesillas, other European nations race to cash in on the New World  In defiance of Spanish/Portuguese monopoly  England & France explore North America in search of NW Passage, spices, and gold…later furs, fishing, & to convert the Indians to Christianity  John Cabot (1497) claims island of Newfoundland (east coast of Canada) for England  Jacques Cartier (1534) claims St. Lawrence River and surrounding areas (Quebec/Great Lakes) for France …Not So Fast!

13.  Where Did European’s Explore?

14.   Exploration of Africa begins with Dias and De Gama  Search for profit: Africa was a region rich in resources (gold, ivory, salt, etc.)  16 th century: Establishment of plantations and Slave Trade  What was the effect on the African continent? Exploration of Africa

15.   Columbus begins in 1492: Search for route to India and eventually the NW Passage  Establishment of Spanish and Portuguese colonies  Conquest of ancient Indigenous American civilizations  Aztecs (Cortes)  Inca (Pizarro) Exploration of Americas

16.   Spanish-Dominated colonial structure/Hierarchy of Power (why would they do this?)  Peninsulares – people born in Spain  Creoles – American-born descendants of Spanish settlers  Mestizos – Native/European descendants  Mulattoes – African/European descendants  Treatment of Indigenous Population  Spread of Christianity Latin American Colonial Life

17.   Europe dominates much of the world from 1500 to 1900  Connection of African, American, Asian, and European economies and politics  Trade (sharing of ideas), Different foods introduced to Europe (Corn/Maize, Fruits, Potato) helped end famine in both ends of the world.  Advancement of Western Civilization… precursor to the United States. Consequences of Euro Exploration

18.   Epidemics (Diseases that spread quicker than they can be cured): Small Pox, Influenza. These diseases were devastating to the people of the Americas because the Indigenous (Native) population had not yet built immunities to the diseases.  Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1492: 54-100 million. Indigenous Population of the Americas in 1750: Less than 500,000 Consequences of Euro Contact with Native Americans

19.   Encomiendas: System of forced labor indigenous Americans had to endure…horrible working conditions  Atlantic Slave Trade :  Triangular Trade between Europe, Africa, Americas  Middle Passage (2 million die in transit)  9-11 Million Africans Come to Americas Social and Economic Consequences

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