1. Geography notes September 4, 2013

2. Sources of Information -Prehistory: period of time before writing. -Before writing, people could only leave physical evidence of their lives. This included: -Remains of settlements and graves.

4. Types of Sources -Primary Sources: Historical records such as documents and artifacts that come from the time being studied. -Examples: land deeds, written speeches, military orders, letters, and blueprints -Secondary Sources: Historical writings dating from a time later than the one being studied. -Examples: history books and reference books.

7. Map Projections -Projections: methods of representing the round world on flat paper. Different projections are used for different purposes: one may show continents accurately, but not distance.

8. Common Projections -Mercator -Rectangular. -Accurately shows areas around the Equator. -Heavily distorts the polar areas. -Robinson -Has rounded edges. -Some polar distortion. -Widely used due to accuracy and little distortion.

9. Mercator Projection

11. Latitude vs. Longitude -Latitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from East to West. -They are also known as parallels. -The Equator: 0 degrees latitude. -Longitude: imaginary lines that cross the globe from North to South. -They are also known as meridians. -The Prime Meridian: 0 degrees longitude

12. latitude

13. longitude

14. Types of Maps -Political Maps: maps that show human-made features, such as national boundaries, cities, and roads. -Physical Maps: maps that show natural features such as landforms, elevation, and bodies of water. -Historical Maps: maps that show features as they were at certain times in the past.

15. Political map

16. Physical map

17. Historical map

18. Map Tools -Cardinal Directions: North, South, East and West. -Compass Rose: tool used to show direction on a map. -Map Key/Legend: shows the meaning of special symbols on maps. -Scale Bar: shows distance on a map. -Contours: show levels of elevation. -Crosshatching and Shading: two ways of showing various features on a map: -Crosshatching: two sets of lines crossing each other. -Shading: an area of gray, black, or another color.

24. Geographic Influence on Development Geography-The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity. -Early civilizations developed along river valleys to have water for farming and larger populations. -Rivers, seas, and oceans provided the fastest and easiest method of transporting goods and people. -Mountains and deserts have helped to isolate or protect civilizations near them..