1. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD: Emotional and social development

2. The Quest for Self- Understanding

3. Erickson  Erikson’s Stage of Industry Versus Inferiority  Self-Image: The overall view that children have of themselves.

4. Self-Esteem  Coopersmith: Parental attitudes associated with development of high self-esteem.  High self-esteem; accepting of children  Enforced clearly-defined limits  Respect for children’s rights and opinions

6. Self-Regulated Behaviors  Emotionally Disturbed (ED) children: Cannot control their over-impulsive or aggressive behaviors toward others.

7. Understanding Emotion  Fear: unpleasant emotion aroused by impending danger, pain or misfortune.  Phobia: excessive, persistent and maladaptive fear response.  Stress: process involving the recognition of and response to a threat or danger.

8. Coping  The responses we make in order to master, tolerate, or reduce stress  Problem-focused  Emotion-focused

9. Locus of control  Our perception of who or what is responsible for the outcome of events and behaviors in our lives.  Trauma: any extremely stressful event that affects a child’s emotional and psychological well-being.

10. Continuing Family Influences

11. Mothers and Fathers  Employed Mothers  77% of all mothers work.  Caregiving Fathers

12. Sibling Relationships  Average of three children under age 18 in household  Stepsiblings, half-brothers, half-sisters, adopted siblings, nonrelated “siblings”

13. Children of Divorce  Wallerstein and Kelly tasks for child:  Accept divorce  Get back to previous routine  Resolve the loss of the family  Resolve anger and self-blame; forgive  Accept permanence of divorce  Believe in relationships

14. Single-Parent Families  Bray and Heatherington:  If children have a good relationship with the single parent and income stress is not a factor, they are inclined to be better adjusted than if they remain in a two-parent home that is a divided and hostile environment.

15. Stepfamilies  75-80% of divorced parents remarry.  Reconstituted or blended families

17. Later Childhood: The Broadening Social Environment

18. The World of Peer Relationships  Peer relationships assume a vital role in children’s development.

19. Developmental Functions of Peer Groups  Arena in which children can exercise independence from adult control  Experience relationships with equal footing with others  Position of children is not marginal  Peer groups transmit informal knowledge.

20. Gender Cleavage  The tendency for boys to associate with boys and girls with girls  Children fashion coherent gender-based identity.  Maccoby - Factors for segregation:  Differing styles for interacting  Girls have difficulty influencing boys

22. Popularity, Social Acceptance and Rejection  Group: two or more people who share a feeling of unity and are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions

23. Values  Criteria people use in deciding the relative merit and desirability of things  Sociogram: depicts patterns of choice among members of a group.

24. Physical Attractiveness  Culturally defined

25. Behavioral characteristics  Popular:  Successful  Unpopular:  Social isolates  Introverted  Overbearing, aggressive

27. Social Maturity  Increases during early school years

28. Racial Awareness and Prejudice  Prejudice: a system of negative conceptions, feelings and action orientations regarding the members of a particular religious, racial, or nationality group

29. The World of School

30. Developmental Functions  Teach specific cognitive skills  Share with family responsibility for transmitting cultural goals and values  Serve as “sorting and sifting” agency selecting young people for upward social mobility

31. Motivating Students  Motivation: the inner states and processes that prompt, direct, and sustain activity.  Intrinsic: undertaken for its own sake.  Extrinsic: undertaken for some purpose other that its own sake.  Causality: factors that produce given outcomes.

32. Social Class  The higher the social class:  Greater number of grades children complete  Greater participation in extracurricular activities  Higher scores on achievement tests  Lower rates of failure, truancy, suspensions and dropping out

33. Middle-Class Bias  Middle-class teachers, unaware of prejudice, find lower socioeconomic status students unacceptable  Subcultural Differences  Different experiences and attitudes  Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecies  Teacher expectation effects