1. World Religions

2. Categories Universalizing or Christianity Islam Buddhism Baha’i Ethnic Judaism Hinduism Confucianism Shintoism Monotheistic or Christianity Islam Judaism Polytheistic Hinduism Vodum (Voodoo) Syncretic or Orthodox

3. Universalizing Religions that –claim applicability to all humans and –that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversions –And who choose to make some sort of symbolic commitment

4. Christianity Jesus Universalizing Spread through the Roman Empire –Roads –Military Expansion Diffusion –Hierarchical Diffusion: Rome –Contagious Diffusion –2 Billion followers

5. Christian Diffusion

6. Christian Branches Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox – relocation diffusion –Russian, Armenian, Greek –Coptic Protestant –Denominations: Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist, Presbyterians, Episcopal –etc.

7. Islam 570 – 632 Muhammad 622 – The migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Makkah (In Saudi Arabia) to Madinah - Universalizing Expansion Diffusion –Hierarchical along trade routes Relocation Diffusion – 39 countries World’s fastest growing religion- 1.3 Billion followers

8. Branches of Islam Sunni –The majority –Supported caliphs that were not related to Muhammad Shi’ite or Shi’a –Concentrated in Iran –Caliphs should be related to Muhammad –Believe the imams are without sin & are infallible Sufis –Primarily in Indonesia –More mystic, less conservative

9. Islamic Diffusion

10. Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Guatama – a Hindu priest – 6 th cen. BC Four Noble Truths 1.All of life is marked by suffering. 2.Suffering is caused by desire and attachment. 3.Suffering can be eliminated. 4.Suffering is eliminated by following the Noble Eightfold Path Contagious Diffusion- Universalizing Was once state religion of India – few followers now- 360 Million worldwide The concept Buddha was absorbed into Hinduism

11. Buddhism Theravada (Vehicle of the Elders) –Personal salvation –Closer to original Mahayana (Greater Vehicle) –“In the process of the proselytic spread, particularly in China and Japan, Buddhism fused with native ethnic religions such as Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism to form syncretic faiths that fall in the Mahayana division of Buddhism” Human Mosaic 78. Vajrayana (Diamond Vehicle) –Dalai Lama –Also called Tantrayana or Lamaism –Tibet & Mongolia

12. Main 3 Schools of Buddhism www.euronet.nl/~advaya/index.htm

15. Baha’i Founded in Persia (Iran) in 1844 Universalizing To overcome the disunity of religions and establish a universal faith-emphasizes the spiritual unity of humankind 8 mil. Primarily in Africa & Asia God is unknowable – except through manifestations of prophets such as: Abraham, Moses, Zoroaster, Jesus, Mohammed, the Buddha, Krishna, * Bahá'u'lláh

16. Sikhism 1500’s – attempt to unify Hindu & Islam Universalizing NW India region of Punjab Never cut beard or hair, wear turbans Militant "A Sikh is any woman or man whose faith consists of belief in one God, the ten Gurus, the teachings of the Guru Granth Sahib and of the ten Gurus, who has faith in the amrit of the tenth Guru, and who adheres to no other religion." --Rahit Maryada (Religion Facts)

17. Sikhism Sikh at the Golden Temple of Amritsar, Punjab. http://www.religionfacts.com/sikhism/

18. Ethnic Religions that have –strong territorial and –cultural group identification, –usually one become a member by birth or –by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, – not merely by a statement of faith (Fellman, 157)

19. Hinduism World’s oldest religion – 4000+ yrs old Ethnic Hindus believe in karma, the law of cause and effect by which each individual creates his or her own destiny by thoughts, words or deeds. Understanding Hindu Traditions

20. Hinduism 850 mil. – 1 bil. Followers Contagious Diffusion – India –Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka Relocation Diffusion –Eastern Europe, N. America

21. Judaism Original Abrahamic religion Ethnic 4000 yrs. Old Has territorial & political identity 13-14 million followers world wide Power of Place: Jerusalem

22. Judaism Branches –Sephardim Iberian Pen. – expelled 15 th cen. Ties to N. Africa & Babylonian Jews –Ashkenazim Western & Central Europe Most came to US

23. Shinto “The Way of the Gods” Traditional religion of Japan-Ethnic Worship of nature & ancestors Complex set of deities – inc. Emperor

24. CONFUCIANISM K’ung Fu-tzu –Compiler of traditional wisdom –Lived in time of Gautama Buddha No Churches or Clergy Ancestor Worship Ethnic

25. TAOISM (Daoism) First taught by Lao-tsu in 6 th c. B.C. Ethnic Tao – “The Way” –Eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature –Deploring Passion, unnecessary invention, unneeded knowledge, and govt. interference

26. Tribal or Traditional Special form of ethnic religion Localized culture groups Close ties to nature

27. Tribal or Traditional Animism – belief that life exists in all objects (rocks, trees, etc.) or that such inanimate objects are the abode of the dead, of spirits, and of gods Ethnic

28. Tribal or Traditional Shamanism – involves community acceptance of a religious leader, healer, or worker of magic, who, through special powers, can intercede w/ and interpret the spirit world

29. orthodox Purity of faith accepting and closely following the traditional beliefs and customs of a religion. Christian, Jews, Hindu and Islam

30. Cultural Diffusion Culture hearth – religions spread through relocation and expansion diffusion (hierarchical or contagious) Diffusion of religions

31. Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Relocation Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Bahai

32. Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Relocation Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Bahai

33. Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Relocation Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Bahai

34. Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Relocation Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Bahai

35. Diffusion Hierarchical Contagious Relocation Judaism Christianity Islam Buddhism Hinduism Bahai

36. Cultural Interaction Religion & the Economy –Demands for certain foods Wine for communion No pigs –Pilgrimages Birthplaces, natural sites, settings for miracles, administrative centers = nodes for functional regions –Makkah & Madinah –Rome & Lourdes –Varanasi, India on the Ganges –Ise, the hearth of Shintoism

37. Cultural Interaction Religion vs. government policies –Taliban –Hinduism & the Caste system

38. Cultural Landscape Christian structures –Roman Catholics – cathedral is literally the house of God, so the focal point and large

39. Protestant Structures Buildings are merely a place to assemble

40. Amish & Mennonite

41. Islamic Mosques Imposing, but not sanctified, a place of gathering

42. Hinduism Usually dedicated to one deity Goparum

43. Varanasi on the Ganges River is the holist city in Hinduism and is over 3,000 years old. As the sun rises each day worshipers come to the ghats (steps) to perform rituals, such as washing themselves, drinking the river water, and making floating offerings. To die here is to be released from the cycle of life -- from reincarnation and reborn. If possible, Hindus want to die here, and then be burned on one of two funeral ghats -- which are clearly identified by the large piles of firewood. www.uwec.edu/.../India/India/Varanasi-ghats.htm

45. Baha’i Are building temples around the world to emphasize the universality of the religion For the N. American continent

46. Chile India

47. Buddhism Not designed for congregational worship Todaiji Temple Nara period, constructed 745

48. Shintoism Not designed for congregational worship