1. Ch. 3: India

2. 3000 – 1500 B.C.: India’s First Civilizations: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro
Just like in Mesopotamia and Egypt, early civilization in India emerged in river valleys.
Technology: Water & sewage systems,
Trash collection

3. The Aryans 1500 BC: Group of Indo-European nomads moved in from north3

4. The Aryans
They conquered the Indus Valley civilization and extended their control throughout most of India

5. The Aryans
Out of the clash between conqueror and conquered came a set of class divisions that has lasted in India.
What is this called?
Caste system

6. What do you think?
Discuss with your neighbor where you think each social class fits 
Servants, laborers
Warriors
Priests
Farmers, merchants

7. The Aryans
Caste System – set of rigid categories that determined a person’s occupation and position in society. A person was born into a certain caste and remained in that caste.
emerged from divisions
between conquerors
(light skinned Aryans) and
conquered (dark skinned
Indus Valley)
They looked down on their subjects, who were dark-skinned, even though the inhabitants of the Indus Valley were much more advanced.

8. Caste System Brahmans = priests Kshatriyas = warriors
Vaisyas = commoners, merchants, farmers
Sudras = peasants (Indus Valley peoples)
Untouchables = considered inhuman

9. Hinduism How is the caste system reinforced by Hindu beliefs?
Reincarnation justified the privileges of those on the higher end of the scale
Reincarnation gave hope to those in the lower castes
Reincarnation justified the privileges of those on the higher end of the scale
Reincarnation gave hope to those in the lower castes

10. Religion in India
What are two major world religions that originated in ancient India?
Hinduism and Buddhism
Hinduism, the world's oldest religion, has no beginning--it precedes recorded history. It has no human founder.

11. Hinduism Brahman – single force in the universe/god
Ultimate goal is to find union with Brahman
Yoga – meditation/training to achieve union
Polytheistic – 100s of gods, but 3 main
Brahma = creator
Vishnu = preserver
Siva = destroyer

12. Hinduism
Reincarnation – belief that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death.
After a number of existences in the Earthly world, the soul reaches its final goal in a union with Brahman.

13. Hinduism
Karma – force made by a person’s actions that determines how the person will be reborn in the next life
Dharma – divine law, requires that all people do their duty
People who fulfill their dharma earn good karma and may be reborn as persons of higher status

14. Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (aka Buddha, The Enlightened One) around 500 BC.
Siddhartha accepted reincarnation but rejected the caste system
this appealed to the lower castes.
The story of Buddha…

15. Buddhism
Nirvana: By following the Buddha’s teachings, one can achieve Enlightenment and be freed from the cycle of reincarnation

16. Buddha’s teachings are the basic principles of Buddhism
Four Noble Truths
Eightfold Path
(aka Middle Path)

17. Compare and Contrast . . .
How are Buddhism and Hinduism similar and/or different? Use the Venn diagram to help form your answer.

18. Four Noble Truths Ordinary life is full of suffering.
* “I’m so upset! I don’t have money for the iphone 6!”
Suffering is caused by desire to satisfy ourselves.
* “I want the iphone 6.”
To end suffering, end desire for selfish goals.
* In other words, if you don’t want the iphone 6, you won’t be upset about it.
The way to end desire is to follow the Middle Path.

19. Buddhism
Your task:
Create a fictional story about a person following the “12-Steps” (Four Noble Truths and Eight-Fold Path)

21. Celebrate Freedom Week
On your warm up sheet for today, answer the following question in a paragraph: If you had to give up one of the five freedoms from the First Amendment, which would it be and why? (Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Petition)

22. Ancient China

23. Ancient China: Dynasties
Chinese civilization began with the Xia (pronounced SYAH) dynasty over 4000 years ago.
Dynasty – a family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family
Map of xia dynasty, river valleys

24. Shang dynasty: B.C.
Zhou dynasty: B.C.
Qin dynasty: 221 – 206 B.C.
Han dynasty: 202 BC – AD 220

25. Ancient China: Dynasties
Pattern:
New Dynasty establishes power
Ruled successfully for many years
Power of the central govt declines, giving rise to rebellions and invasion
Dynasty collapsed, new dynasty takes over
Dynasty Song!

26. Shang Dynasty (1750-1122 BC) Legacies Oracle bones
Complex writing system
Advanced bronze work
One of the richest sources of evidence of the Shang dynasty comes from the ceremonial bronze work and oracle bones excavated from tombs, storage pits, and houses. The designs on the highly crafted bronze work reveal aspects of Shang religion wherein animal and other nature spirits, along with the spirits of family ancestors, determined the future. The ability to divine the will of the spirits was a great power. Generally, the king or a high-ranking adviser would write a question on an animal bone or a tortoise shell—often a query about the weather, travel, or war plans—and place it over a fire to make it crack; he then "read" the cracks to divine the answer from the ancestors. The inscriptions on bronze work and oracle bones display the Shang contributions to the characters that eventually constituted the written Chinese language.

27. Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty claimed that it ruled China because it possessed the
Mandate of Heaven
The Zhou king was given authority to rule from heaven
If the king failed to rule effectively, he could be overthrown (loses the Mandate of Heaven)
Natural disasters were commonly interpreted as macrocosmic imbalances, signs that the ruler was in heavenly disfavor. Indeed, macrocosmic disturbances, whether natural, political, or social, could function as reasons for the removal of the ruler. A ruler without the mandate of heaven was ultimately considered an impostor to office. This removal, it should be noted, was seen as the duty of the ministers of the court, not of the general populace—a call for replacement and not for revolution.

28. Qin dynasty ( BC )
The Qin gained control during the period known as the “Era of Warring States”
Qin (pronounced CHIN) dynasty was the first unified Chinese empire
They adopted the ideas of legalism and imposed absolute rule over all people
Map of

29. Qin dynasty ( BC )
Nomadic peoples from Gobi (north) were a threat because they were skilled fighters on horseback
What do you do??

30. Qin dynasty: Great Wall of China
Northern Chinese states began to build walls
Qin Shihuangdi ordered a wall to connect existing walls  start of the Great Wall of China
china/videos/deconstructing-history-great-wall- of-china
Pic of original wall – qin dynasty; However, modern wall was built about 1,500 years later

31. Qin Dynasty

33. Ancient China: Family Patriarchal
Every family member had his or her place
_________________ - Male dominated society
considered so important because he was responsible for providing food for his family
Patriarchal

34. Ancient China: Culture
What is a philosophy?
While Hindus and Buddhists focused on freeing the human soul from the cycle of rebirth, Chinese philosophers were more concerned about the immediate world in which people lived and how to create a stable order in that world.
Belief system on the nature of human beings and the universe

35. Chinese Philosophies How should the people be ruled?
Your Assignment: Fortune Cookie Messages

36. Positive Fortune Cookie Messages
Write a positive message on the paper provided.
Then fold it into an origami shape. There are instructions for a cat, penguin, and little packet. (If you know any origami, use that instead.)
Turn it in once you are done!

38. Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) adopted Confucian ideas
What Confucian ideas do you see represented here?
Introduced civil service examination (government officials had to pass tests)

39. Chinese Philosophies Legalism Human beings are evil by nature.
The only way people will follow the correct path is if they are threatened with punishment.
A strong ruler creates an orderly society.

40. Review: Chinese Philosophies
Daoism
Let nature take its course.
Do not spend time thinking about spiritual questions.

41. Review: Chinese Philosophies
Confucianism
The family and the community come before the individual.
Everyone should follow the Five Constant Relationships: parent/child, husband/wife, older sibling/younger sibling, older friend/younger friend, ruler/subject.
If you work hard to fulfill your duty, society will prosper.
A ruler must follow the path of goodness. The people will respect him, and society will prosper.
Government positions should be open to all superior men.

42. Han dynasty (202 BC – AD 220) Han dynasty adopted Confucian ideas
Introduced civil service examination (government officials had to pass tests)

43. Filial Piety
This painting depicts the ancient Chinese philosophy that even the mightiest general in the army is a loving father, husband and family man when he is home just like other men.

44. Indian Legacies
Besides two major world religions, what are some legacies of ancient India?
Science & Math
First to use algebra
Created the decimal system – increments of ten
Provide this information on the notes, but do not cover it?

45. Indian Legacies
Scientists known for astronomy, charted star movement, recognized Earth as a sphere, & believed Earth rotated on axis & revolved around the sun.
Mathematicians introduced concept of zero.

46. Ancient China
Silk Road – route between the Roman Empire and China; silk was China’s most valuable product