2. The Great West Chapter 26 review

3. The Great West Measured 1,000 miles covered in mountains, plateaus, deserts and plains Home of the Indian prairie dog, buffalo, wild horse and coyote Few whites In 25 years the open west was turned into states and 4 territories

4. Manifest Destiny Industrial America looked to expand its borders Whites brought and spread diseases to the natives Hunted on private plans depleting bison

5. What about those darn natives??? Fort Laramie 1851 & Fort Atkinson 1853- gov. signed treaty with the Indians marking the beginning of the reservation system Est. boundaries for each tribe Attempted to separate Indians into 2 tribes PROBLEM???

6. Indians gave up rights to ancestral lands in return that the gov. would leave them alone and provide food, clothing and supplies

7. “The Indian Wars” Troops sent in to control natives Mostly immigrants and blacks “Buffalo Soldiers” Sand Creek, Colorado 1864- Colonel Chivington massacred 400 Indians for no reason Bozeman Trail- tensions increased as Indians retaliated killing 81 soldiers & civilians Caused the rise of…….Colonel Custer who fight to suppress Indians

8. George Armstrong Custer

9. Custer vs. Sitting Bull Chief Sitting Bull takes a stand against the greedy gold diggers with no soulChief Sitting Bull takes a stand against the greedy gold diggers with no soul Battle at Little Bighorn River- Indians defeated Custer and his 264 menBattle at Little Bighorn River- Indians defeated Custer and his 264 men

10. Sitting Bull

11. Other Indian Leaders Geronimo- Apache tribe on Arizona Had a hatred of Mexico as his family was killed by Mexican authorities In his fight for Indian freedom he found refugee in Mexico Surrendered to U.S. authorities in 1886 and lived the rest of his life on a reservation

12. “Taming of the Indians” Railroads- could bring unlimited troops into the west Disease Loss of buffalo firewater

13. The Dawes Act- 1887 Tried to assimilate Indians into Americans Ignored traditional Indian culture By 1900 Indians lost 50% of land they had just 2 decades earlier Indian population dropped to 243,000 Today more than 1.5 million

14. The Changing Frontier The Homestead Act 1862- gave a settlers 160 acres of land if they lived on it for 5 years and improved it… PROBLEM….

15. “Hurrah for Greer County! The land of the free, The land of the bedbug, grasshopper and flea; I’ll sing of its praises, I’ll tell if its fame, While starving to death on my government claim.”

16. Agriculture in the West Prairies were treeless = “sodbusters” “soddies” Wesley Powell warned those moving beyond the 100th maridian that there was not enough rain fall to support farming 6 year drought 1888-1892 Idea of “dry farming” was born = later would led to the “Dust Bowl” 1890 the Frontier is closed

17. The Great Land Grab…..

18. Native American Indian Ch 26 review

19. Indian Reservation Locations

20. Indian Reservations there are 285 Indian reservations Land owned by Indians (managed by Bureau of Indian Affairs) Smallest size of 1 acre w/ less than 10 Indians Navajo’s have the largest the size of West Virginia (14 million acres) w a population of 91,000

21. Life on the Reservation Farming is the main source of income Jewelry making and wood processing bring in a small amount of income/employment Most reservations lack well developed economies Highest unemployment rates in the U.S. (40-60%) Lowest paid income group Least educated & poorest health care

23. Indians Take Control 1924 Indian Citizenship Act made every Indian a U.S. citizen Pay Federal/ State taxes but no taxes on reservations

24. Changing Times 1960’s tribal leaders and younger Indians began a movement to give control of programs to Indians themselves 1970 President Nixon passes Indian Self Determination Act - allowed tribes to control federally funded Indian programs - government continues to give tribes more freedom on housing, education, hospitals etc.

25. Indians Today In 1900 an Indian student would go to school for 8 years Today majority graduate from high school 9% go to college Certain tribes have sovereignty- complete independence and self government - the right and power to command, rule or judge

26. “A Nation Within A Nation” video discussion questions 1.Given their history, why might it be important to native groups to have sovereignty over their own American Indian nations? 2) What are some differences/ similarities between life on a reservation school compared to one in the U.S.?