1. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. C h a p t e r 8 Articulations PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Jason LaPres Lone Star College - North Harris

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. An Introduction to Articulations  Articulations  Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect  Joint Structure  Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)  Joint strength decreases as mobility increases

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Two methods of classification  Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint  Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint

4. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synarthrosis (immovable joint)  No movement  Fibrous or cartilaginous connections  May fuse over time  Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)  Little movement  Fibrous or cartilaginous connections  Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)  More movement  Also called synovial joints  Subdivided by type of motion

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Structural Classifications  Bony  Fibrous  Cartilaginous  Synovial

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synarthroses (immovable joints)  Are very strong  Edges of bones may touch or interlock  Four types of synarthrotic joints: –suture –gomphosis –synchondrosis –synostosis

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Synarthrotic Joints  Suture  Bones interlocked  Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue  Are found only in skull  Gomphosis  Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)  Binds teeth to sockets

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Synarthrotic Joints  Synchondrosis  Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones: –epiphyseal cartilage of long bones –between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum  Synostosis  Fused bones, immovable: –metopic suture of skull –epiphyseal lines of long bones

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Amphiarthroses  More movable than synarthrosis  Stronger than freely movable joint  Two types of amphiarthroses –syndesmosis: »bones connected by ligaments –symphysis: »bones separated by fibrous cartilage

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synovial joints (diarthroses)  Also called movable joints  At ends of long bones  Within articular capsules  Lined with synovial membrane

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilages  Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules: –prevent bones from touching  Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid: –reduce friction

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Synovial fluid  Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts  Functions of synovial fluid: –lubrication –nutrient distribution –shock absorption

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Accessory structures  Cartilages: –cushion the joint: »Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc)  Fat pads: –superficial to the joint capsule –protect articular cartilages  Ligaments: –support, strengthen joints –sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Accessory structures  Tendons: –attach to muscles around joint –help support joint  Bursae: –pockets of synovial fluid –cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints  Prevent injury by limiting range of motion  Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)  Articulating surfaces and menisci  Other bones, muscles, or fat pads  Tendons of articulating bones

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Figure 8–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint.

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Figure 8–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint.

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints  Injuries  Dislocation (luxation)  Articulating surfaces forced out of position  Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule  Subluxation  A partial dislocation

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Dynamic Motion  Linear motion (gliding)  Angular motion  Rotation  Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion  Monaxial (1 axis)  Biaxial (2 axes)  Triaxial (3 axes)

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Terms describe  Plane or direction of motion  Relationship between structures

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Linear motion  Also called gliding  Two surfaces slide past each other: –between carpal or tarsal bones

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Angular Motion  Flexion  Angular motion  Anterior–posterior plane  Reduces angle between elements  Extension  Angular motion  Anterior–posterior plane  Increases angle between elements

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Angular Motion  Hyperextension  Angular motion  Extension past anatomical position Angular Movements

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–3a Angular Movements.

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Angular Motion  Abduction  Angular motion  Frontal plane  Moves away from longitudinal axis  Adduction  Angular motion  Frontal plane  Moves toward longitudinal axis

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–3 Angular Movements.

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–3 Angular Movements.

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Angular Motion  Circumduction  Circular motion without rotation  Angular motion

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–3 Angular Movements.

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Movement at Synovial Joints  Rotation  Direction of rotation from anatomical position  Relative to longitudinal axis of body  Left or right rotation  Medial rotation (inward rotation): –rotates toward axis  Lateral rotation (outward rotation): –rotates away from axis

36. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–4a Rotational Movements.

37. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Rotation  Pronation: –rotates forearm, radius over ulna  Supination: –forearm in anatomical position

38. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–4b Rotational Movements.

39. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Special movements  Inversion: –twists sole of foot medially  Eversion: –twists sole of foot laterally  Dorsiflexion: –flexion at ankle (lifting toes)  Plantar flexion: –extension at ankle (pointing toes)

40. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Special Movements at Synovial Joints  Opposition  Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)  Protraction  Moves anteriorly  In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)  Retraction  Opposite of protraction  Moving anteriorly (pulling back)

41. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Special Movements at Synovial Joints  Elevation  Moves in superior direction (up)  Depression  Moves in inferior direction (down)  Lateral flexion  Bends vertebral column from side to side

42. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–5 Special Movements.

43. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–5 Special Movements.

44. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape  Gliding  Hinge  Pivot  Ellipsoid  Saddle  Ball-and-socket A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

45. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Gliding Joints  Flattened or slightly curved faces  Limited motion (nonaxial)  Hinge Joints  Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)  Pivot Joints  Rotation only (monaxial)

46. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.

47. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  Ellipsoid Joints  Oval articular face within a depression  Motion in two planes (biaxial)  Saddle Joints  Two concave, straddled (biaxial)  Ball-and-Socket Joints  Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)

48. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Figure 8–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.

49. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements  A joint cannot be both mobile and strong  The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint  Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections

50. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Intervertebral Articulations  C 2 to L 5 spinal vertebrae articulate  At inferior and superior articular processes (gliding joints)  Between adjacent vertebral bodies (symphyseal joints)

51. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Intervertebral Articulations  C 2 to L 5 spinal vertebrae articulate  Intervertebral discs: –pads of fibrous cartilage –separate vertebral bodies –anulus fibrosus: »tough outer layer »attaches disc to vertebrae –nucleus pulposus: »elastic, gelatinous core »absorbs shocks

52. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations Figure 8–7 Intervertebral Articulations.

53. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Vertebral Joints  Also called symphyseal joints  As vertebral column moves  Nucleus pulposus shifts  Disc shape conforms to motion  Intervertebral Ligaments  Bind vertebrae together  Stabilize the vertebral column

54. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Six Intervertebral Ligaments  Anterior longitudinal ligament  Connects anterior bodies  Posterior longitudinal ligament  Connects posterior bodies  Ligamentum flavum  Connects laminae

55. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Six Intervertebral Ligaments  Interspinous ligament  Connects spinous processes  Supraspinous ligament  Connects tips of spinous processes (C 7 to sacrum)  Ligamentum nuchae  Continues supraspinous ligament (C 7 to skull)

56. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Damage to Intervertebral Discs  Slipped disc  Bulge in anulus fibrosus  Invades vertebral canal  Herniated disc  Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus  Presses on spinal cord or nerves

57. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Intervertebral Articulations  Movements of the Vertebral Column  Flexion  Bends anteriorly  Extension  Bends posteriorly  Lateral flexion  Bends laterally  Rotation  Turning

58. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton

59. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton

60. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulations of the Axial Skeleton

61. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint  Also called the glenohumeral joint  Allows more motion than any other joint  Is the least stable  Supported by skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments  Ball-and-socket diarthrosis  Between head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula

62. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint  Socket of the Shoulder Joint  Glenoid labrum  Deepens socket of glenoid cavity  Fibrous cartilage lining  Extends past the bone  Processes of the Shoulder Joint  Acromion (clavicle) and coracoid process (scapula)  Project laterally, superior to the humerus  Help stabilize the joint

63. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint  Shoulder Ligaments  Glenohumeral  Coracohumeral  Coraco-acromial  Coracoclavicular  Acromioclavicular  Shoulder Separation  Dislocation of the shoulder joint

64. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint  Shoulder Muscles (also called rotator cuff)  Supraspinatus  Infraspinatus  Subscapularis  Teres minor  Shoulder Bursae  Subacromial  Subcoracoid  Subdeltoid  Subscapular

65. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint Figure 8–8a The Shoulder Joint.

66. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Shoulder Joint Figure 8–8b The Shoulder Joint.

67. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint  A stable hinge joint  With articulations involving humerus, radius, and ulna

68. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint  Articulations of the Elbow  Humero-ulnar joint  Largest articulation  Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna  Limited movement  Humeroradial joint:  Smaller articulation  Capitulum of humerus and head of radius

69. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint Figure 8–9a The Elbow Joint.

70. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint  Supporting Structures of the Elbow  Biceps brachii muscle  Attached to radial tuberosity  Controls elbow motion  Elbow Ligaments  Radial collateral  Annular  Ulnar collateral

71. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Elbow Joint Figure 8–9b The Elbow Joint.

72. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint  Also called coxal joint  Strong ball-and-socket diarthrosis  Wide range of motion

73. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint  Structures of the Hip Joint  Head of femur fits into it  Socket of acetabulum  Which is extended by fibrocartilaginous acetabular labrum  Ligaments of the Hip Joint  Iliofemoral  Pubofemoral  Ischiofemoral  Transverse acetabular  Ligamentum teres

74. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint Figure 8–10a The Hip Joint.

75. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint Figure 8–10b The Hip Joint.

76. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Hip Joint Figure 8–10c The Hip Joint.

77. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint  A complicated hinge joint  Transfers weight from femur to tibia  Articulations of the knee joint  Two femur–tibia articulations  At medial and lateral condyles  One between patella and patellar surface of femur

78. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint  Menisci of the Knee  Medial and lateral menisci  Fibrous cartilage pads  At femur–tibia articulations  Cushion and stabilize joint  Give lateral support  Locking knees  Standing with legs straight: –“locks” knees by jamming lateral meniscus between tibia and femur

79. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint  Seven Ligaments of the Knee Joint  Patellar ligament (anterior)  Two popliteal ligaments (posterior)  Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments (inside joint capsule)  Tibial collateral ligament (medial)  Fibular collateral ligament (lateral)

80. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint Figure 8–11a The Knee Joint.

81. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint Figure 8–11b The Knee Joint.

82. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint Figure 8–11c The Knee Joint.

83. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint Figure 8–11d The Knee Joint.

84. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint

85. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Knee Joint