1. CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS
MODERN ERA
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS

2. WESTERN CONSUMERISM AND LEISURE
Countries
United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand
France, Germany, Scandinavia, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Italy
Increased production created demand
Popular consumption increases
What was once luxury is now necessity
Increased advertisements by industry
Increased demand
Increased expenditure on luxuries
Product crazes arise
Bicycle
Sewing Machine
Mass produced clothing
Mass Leisure Culture
Increased recreation time allows for rise of mass culture
Shortened work weeks
Weekends now off
Yearly vacations become popular including popular recreation spots
Newspapers become widely spread
Popular theatre started up; public music competitions
Rise of team sports
All classes shared many of the same pursuits, interests
All point to a growing secularization of society

3. REIGN OF WESTERN SCIENCE
Enlightenment
Scientific knowledge became widespread
Intellectual community expanded greatly
Industrial Revolutions
Inventions become common
Entrepreneurs rewarded
Reign of Science, Belief in Progress
Positivism of Auguste Comte quite popular
Observation, scientific approaches to problems
Apply science to society in useful, rational ways
Agricultural Revolution was often fueled by scientific discoveries
Science challenged, replaced religion, faith as explanation of world
Charles Darwin
1859: Descent of the Species: animals evolve, adapt (not humans)
Only the fittest survive to reproduce, random selection
Produced a very complex picture of nature
Albert Einstein
Newtonian universe was far too simplistic to explain reality
Revolved around discoveries in science and math
Theory of Relativity added time as a factor to physics
Sigmund Freund
Applied new learning to social sciences: humans were a product of their environment
Workings of the human subconscious: id, ego, superego produce the person
Behavior determined by impulses
Emotional problems can be relieved if brought into the light of rational discussion

4. ARTISTIC EXPRESSIONS
Science, knowledge of optics, color influence the arts
Art becomes a mass appreciation
Concert halls, galleries become common and open to the public
Constant change and great debate also common amongst arts
Art represents and mirrors the period
Classicism
Return to Greco-Roman art, the good old past
Common during the French Revolution, Napoleon
Favored by English, Americans too
Romanticism
Saw the world in rosy images of myth, history, ideals, emotion
Emphasis on the uniqueness of our ethnic heritage, nature
Corresponded to the rise of nationalism
Realism
An outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution, science
Paint the world as it really is not as it appears
Attention to realistic detail: strongly favored in France, United States
Impression to Cubism to Expressionism
How do I imagine the world becomes I do I feel when I see the world
Related to science including evolution of social sciences, psychology
Music, Literature Have Similar Periods

5. IMAGES OF WESTERN AGES: CLASSICISM, ROMANTICISM, REALISM, IMPRESSIONISM, CUBISM, EXPRESSIONISM
DELACROIX:
LADY LIBERTY
MILLET:
GLEANERS
MONET:
TRAINS
MUNCH:
SCREAM
DAVID:
SABINE
WOMEN
SARGENT:
GROUP WITH
PARASOLS
PICASSO:
THE LADIES

6. AND THE REST? Non-European World
Responds more than acts
Copies more than creates
Often rejects new influence, emphasis on old
No Mass Cultural Such as Arose in the West
Elite culture often patterned after Western tastes
Newly educated colonials joined with old elites
Masses often retain old cultures, suspicions of outside influences
Syncretism
Many Western ideas, thoughts co-opted
Some non-Western ideas borrowed by Westerners
True of art: Gauguin, Van Gogh, Picasso borrowed Asian, African motifs
Japonisme was a Western graze for all things Japanese
Changed to blend with local ideas
Tai-Ping rebellion in China is a good example
Christianity blends with Confucianism, Buddhism
Leader of Taiping is brother of Jesus Christ
Attempt to free the poor, peasant from West, Chinese elite
Russia and Japan
Both borrowed heavily from Western knowledge
Sometimes adapted it for local use, often times improved
Began to develop their own distinctive styles

7. IMAGES OF THE REST GOYO (JAPAN) WOMEN COMBING HAIR LAI SUNG (CHINA)
THE SHIP
HAMDI
(TURKEY)
MERCHANT
OF ARMS
OROZCO
(MEXICO):
ZAPATA
COSTA
(BRAZIL)
WOMEN
IN GREEN
De CASTRO
(PERU)
JOSE DE
SAN MARTIN

8. IMPACT OF THE WEST ON THE REST
Europeans, Americans permeated many societies
Traders, missionaries, settlers, investors immigrated
Experts, teachers trained non-Westerners
Missionaries often had the greatest impact
They sought
To change society fundamentally and not just religiously
Missionaries often equated God and progress
Changed educational systems
Revolutionized medicine, hospitals, health
Introduced Christianity to virgin territory
Schools
Most colonizers left education to missionaries
Taught western ideas, methods, thought patterns
Taught in western, non-Western languages (often first time written down)
Often developed a region’s first literary tradition
Often taught self-sufficiency
Westerners were very anti-traditional, individualistic
Educated often preferred to become bureaucrats, missionaries, businessmen
Biggest impact was in Africa, India, Vietnam
Even in societies independent of western control, missionaries had impact
Missionaries in China had tremendous impact
Many future leaders were Christian, Christian educated

9. WESTERN EDUCATION AND THE RISE OF AFRICAN AND ASIAN MIDDLE CLASSES
Western schools in the colonies
Provide a pool of people to support colonizers
Educate the people to become good little westerners
Often the education was open only to existing elites, upper classes
Tendency to discourage universities for elite
British education
Western literature and manners;
Western sense of morality
French education
Create a sense of nationalism
Emphasis on speaking French, dress, etiquette, cuisine
Actually accorded many colonials equal citizen status with French whites
American education
Taught value of capitalism, Christianity, democracy;
Often most numerous mission schools in China
Asians often came to American universities especially in Hawaii
Results
Ended up educating a new middle class
Often this group was mercantile
Many staffed lower ranks of colonial civil service
Created a common intellectual, professional elite as many became doctors, teachers, lawyers, writers
Created a common sense of belonging to a group
Gave natives a common language often for first time (even if it was a European one)
Common attitudes, values which spread across ethnic groups, traditions
Many of these people would later challenge colonial rule using their colonial learning
Mohandas K. Gandhi is a great example
Indian of the Vaisaya caste living in South Africa
Learned to be British barrister (lawyer), used knowledge to challenge British racial laws