1. Middle Ages

2. Essential Questions Describe the effects of the Crusades.
What impact did Feudalism have on Europe?
What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Black Death?

3. No Baths for 1000 years
a disease that wipes out Europe
survival of the fittest

4. Decline of the Roman Empire
The Middle Ages: 500 – 1500
The Medieval Period
Rise of the Middle Ages
Decline of the Roman Empire

5. Western Europe

6. Justinian and the Byzantine Empire
Strong Central Government
Strong, well-trained military with advanced technology.
Justinian the Emperor of the Byzantines codified the laws.
Constantinople was the new capital of the Byzantine Empire
Gradually weakened by constant battles with Persia

7. Split in the Catholic Church
In the West, the Pope was the head of the Church
In the East, the Emperor of Constantinople was the most powerful church leader.
Byzantines differed from the Western Christian Church on issues of religious practices.
West
services in Latin
doesn’t believe in Icons
East
services in local languages
Believe in Icons
Christianity split into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

8. Ottoman Empire
After Justinian died, the Empire was threatened by outside powers including the Seljuk Turks (the Ottomans)
By the 1300’s the Ottomans had, captured Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire.

9. The Ottoman’s Muslim beliefs were later challenged by the Crusades.

10. What were the Dark Ages? After the decline of the Roman Empire:
Barbarian tribes ruled Europe
Art and Learning declined
St. Patrick ( Ireland) adopted Christianity
He had Monasteries built that became centers for learning and culture.
People came from all over to study at these monasteries
Monasteries began to pop up all over Europe.

11. Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure
The Clergy
Religious officials had different ranks within the church structure

12. Vikings Attack
invaders who would attack by sea, raid and plunder, then be quickly out to sea again.
Vikings – Germanic people called Norsemen
From Scandinavia
Worshipped warlike gods

14. Feudalism
Think of a chess set

15. Relationship Between Lords and Vassals
Lord – The person in charge of the land
Vassal- provided military service to the Lord in return for land.
The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system
Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord
All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.
The relationship between lords and vassals made up a big part of the political and social structure of the feudal system.
Based on ties of loyalty and duty among nobles
Nobles were both lords and vassals
Ties were made official by the “act of homage”
Fiefs were given to vassals by lords
Lords gave vassals the right to govern the people who lived on their fiefs
Lords promised to give protection to the vassals
Breaking the feudal contract could mean loss of land
Vassals had certain duties to perform for the lord.
Helped the lord in battle
Participated personally in military service 40 – 60 days a year
Gave money when the lord’s daughters married and when sons were knighted
Paid the lord’s ransom or took his place if he was captured
Attended the lord’s court
Provided food and entertainment when the lord visited
All nobles were ultimately vassals of the king.
Nobles provided the king with knights to form an army for defense and conquest
Because of this, the real power belonged to the nobles.

16. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER

17. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS

18. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
LORDS
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS

19. CONSTRUCTING THE PYRAMID OF POWER
KING
LOYALTY AND
SERVICE
LAND
LORDS
LAND AND
PROTECTION
LOYALTY AND
MILITARY SERVICE
LESSER NOBLES
(KNIGHTS)
LABOR
PROTECTION
SERFS

21. Workers on the Manor ( Fiefdom)
There were peasant workers on the manor
Serfs – workers bound to the land by contract with the nobles. (They had no freedom - they where the noble’s property.)
There were two groups of workers on the manor
Freemen:
Usually had a skill needed by others on the manor
Included seneschals and bailiffs who helped run the manor
- Seneschals looked after fiefs
by visiting each regularly
- Bailif made sure peasants
worked
- Towns (called shires) also had
peace-keepers known as
reeves
Serfs:
Required to work the noble’s land
Also worked their own land and gave a part of their crops to the noble
Had no freedom – they were the noble’s property
Peasants had no political power

22. Feudalism Manors The lords estate –
The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland and protection
Serfs tended the lands, cared for the animals, maintained the estate

23. Feudalism Manors
Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from the manor
Was home to 15 – 30 families
Self-Sufficient community
Peasants heavily taxed, including a
tithe – a church tax of 1/10 their income

24. land in exchange for service
Fief
land in exchange for service

25. Same thing was happening in Japan
A war between two clans lead to a clear leader, Yoritomo, became the first Shogun.
supreme general of the Emperors Army.
Surrounded himself with Samurai
(one who serves).
Each warrior lived by a code called “Bushido”
After different losses, the Shogun lost money.
Individual samurai chose to support their local lords for land in return for service…Feudalism.

26. Feudal Japan Religious leader with no real power Emperor Shogun
Noble in the
warrior class and the leader of the Military
Emperor
Shogun
Samurai
Ronin
Peasant
Merchant
Members of the
warrior class and
loyal to the Shoguns
paid soldiers whose
loyalty was with the
leader they defended
at the time.
Farmers and fishermen
made up 90%
of the population
sold goods and produce
made by others. They
produced nothing of value

27. A violent society Noble’s constantly fought each other Defend estates
Seize new territories
Increased wealth
Kept Europe fragmented
Glorification of warriors, became superstars

28. The Age of Chivalry
The mounted Knights were the most important part of an Army
Professional solders – main obligation was to serve in battle
Rewarded with land
Devoted lives to war

29. The Age of Chivalry
Chivalry – a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters
His feudal Lord
His Heavenly Lord
His Queen
Meant to protect the weak and the poor
Be loyal, brave, and courteous

30. Is Chivalry around today?

31. The Age of Chivalry
Sons of nobles began training at an early age for knighthood
Page – at 7 they were sent to another lord to be trained
Squire – at 14 they act as a servant to a knight
Knight- at 21 they become a knight and gain experience in local wars and tournaments

32. The Age of Chivalry
Tournaments – mock battles that combined recreation and combat training
Fierce and bloody competitions

33. Castles and Keeps
Stone castles were encircled by massive walls and guard towers
Home to lord and lady, their family, knights solders, and servants
A fortress of defense

34. Castles and Keeps

39. Crusades
military expeditions by the Christians to recover the Holy Land from the Muslims
Consequences:
the Holy Land remained in Muslim control
religious intolerance
trade increased
decrease in Popes power
increase in Kings power

40. Magna Carta document signed by King John of England in 1215
1st document to limit the power of a king in Medieval Europe
guaranteed certain rights to citizens

41. major developments of the Late Middle Ages
The Hundred Years War
Fought between the French and English for the French throne
Massively destructive
Gun powder and heavy artillery
Joan of Arc, a French peasant, helped change the course of the war
France is victorious over England

42. Famines Population doubled Climate became colder and rainier
Harvests shrank
Moved back to the city

43. The Black Death

44. Plague Biotic- disease spread by fleas and rats (living organisms)
also called the Black Plague or Bubonic Plague
killed 1/3 of Europe’s population
helped bring about the end of feudalism:
workers were in higher demand and sought more freedom
more people moved to cities

45. The Culprits

46. Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemic Form: almost 100% mortality rate.

47. From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411

48. Lancing a Buboe

50. Medieval Art & the Plague
Bring out your dead!

51. Attempts to Stop the Plague
“Leeching”
A Doctor’s Robe

52. The Mortality Rate
35% - 70%
25,000,000 dead !!!