1. Early Rome Two Myths: Romulus & Remus – twin sons of Mars (God of War) & and Etruscan princess raised by a “she wolf” found Rome. Aeneas a survivor of Troy goes to Italy, marries an Etruscan princess and starts the family of kings that founds Rome.

2. Etruscans Cross the Tiber -Etruscans occupied Etruria (No. Italy) since 1000 BC. -Move South to the Tiber in about 650 – 600BC. -Dominated are where Rome was founded.

3. Greek Influenced Culture Greek Art Etruscan Art

4. Etruscan Kings Build Rome Rome - built on 7 hills & near a bend in the Tiber River gained wealth and population. Harsh rule by Etruscans led wealthy Roman landowners to overthrow them – never would be ruled by kings again. 509 BC – Roman republic formed Free born male citizens vote to elect representatives

5. Roman Society Patricians Wealthy landowning families who competed with one another for power.Plebians Common people, tradesmen, farmers, artisans & merchants – most of the population.

6. Roman Society http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rom e/Rometext.html

7. Roman Government Consuls – 2 Chosen for 1 year from Senate – 1 term only. Senate – 300 chosen from aristocratic (upper) class for life. Tribunes – chosen from Tribal Assembly & Centuriate Assembly by Plebians & Soldiers - became members of the Senate over time. Dictator – Leaders who could raise armies & rule absolutely in times of crisis. Appointed by the Consuls and confirmed by the Senate for 6 months only. Twelve Tablets – 451 BC – Legal code of Roman Rule. Established the idea of equality under the law. Praetors – 8 judges chose by the Centuriate Assembly for 1 year 2 handle civil & Criminal cases – 6 serve in Provinces

8. Common to US Government Elected Officials Roman Consuls………………………US President Roman Senate & Assembly…… US Congress Praetors………………………………..US Supreme Court Legal Code Twelve Tablets……………………….US Constitution Free Males are Citizens………….US born Are Citizens

9. Roman Economy Agriculture led the way…trained by Greeks. Fertile Po River Valley helped crop production Olives and grapes key crops - Oil and wine traded. Controlled sea lanes throughout Mediterranean. Farming

10. Roman Harbor

11. The City of Rome The Seven Hills of Rome at about the time of Julius Caesar …between 75BC and 40 BC. It was the time Rome was starting to enjoy its greatest years of glory.

12. Rome Acquires Power By 265 BC Rome had defeated the Gauls in the North and the Etruscans in the East to take over all of Italy.

13. Roman Warfare http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Romans+vs.+Gaul&view=detail&id=DB F5BAB4CE46F6DB6426B83085C12F3D70BF9F8B&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR

14. Rome Expands 3 “Punic Wars” with Carthage 1 st - Rome beats Carthage & controls Sicily & most of the Western Mediterranean Sea. 2 nd – Hannibal invades Rome to avenge the first loss. - Crosses the Alps with 60,000 men & 60 Elephants - Beats Rome at Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Rome regroups & wins in the end. 3 rd – Rome invades Carthage in 146 BC and destroys it for revenge. Burns city and sells residents into slavery.

15. Social & Political Problems Rich landowners got richer & poor got poorer. Small farmers couldn’t compete & sold out to large farms. Soldiers away fighting had to sell land to rich farmers & got cheated out of good land Rich used Senate to keep it that way Civil Wars resulted from about 135 – 80 BC

16. Gracchi Brothers Try to implement reforms to help the plebians & restore equality among the landowners & farmers.

17. Gaius Gracchus is Killed Tiberius Gracchus is also killed, about 15 years later.

18. Civil Wars Continue Rome racked by war between Marius & Sulla. Both promised farmers land to farmers for their support. Sulla wins and imposes strict martial law to Rome

19. Julius Caesar Emerges Generals with armies gain influence over Rome. Triumvirate Crassus, Caesar& Pompey combine to balance power, and restore order and the Republic.

20. Julius Caesar Emerges Ceasar assumes Military Governorship of Gaul (current France/ Germany) Subdues Vercingetorix – Gaul’s King Brings Army across Rubicon River to challenge Pompey for leadership of Rome. Civil War ensues & Pompey is killed in Egypt. The ‘die’ is cast!

21. Caesar’s Reforms Great popular support - champion of the people not rich. Expanded citizenship, number of Senators, number of colonies Created jobs for poor with public projects & expanded welfare. Reforms threatened the wealthy landowners’ power in Senate. Worked on people to declare him “Dictator for Life” Senators plotted his death & stabbed him on the Ides of March.

22. Second Triumvirate Rules Octavian (Caesar’s adopted son) Lepidus Marc Antony (Caesar’s General) Alliance ends - Lepidus retires and Antony joins Cleopatra in Egypt. Battle of Actium defeats Antony & Cleopatra - Suicide

23. Pax Romana 200 years of peace in Roman Empire Twelve Caesars ruled – Augustus – Marcus Aurelius Empire expanded Agriculture and Trade thrived 2 Classes emerged…Rich and Poor with small middle Gladitorial games appeased people’s suffering Christianity emerged and grew.

24. The Roman Empire 500 BC – 1000AD

26. Rome Struggles Several weak and amoral Emperors degrade Roman values Need for revenue leads to creating money – Inflation Cultural blending with barbarian tribes weakens the pride Romans have for the original concept of Rome & what it stands for. Soldiers begin to support local commanders not Rome itself.

27. Diocletian Splits the Empire Believed Empire too big & complex for 1 ruler Appoints a Co-Emporer (Augustus) and each had a “Caesar” to help him administer. Created a “Tetrarchy” form of government

28. Fall of the Roman Empire Other Attempted Solutions Constantine moves Capital to Byzantium (Istanbul, Turkey) Constantine adopts Christianity as state religion – Unity. Alliances with Germanic tribes – Ostrogoths to oppose Huns Nothing works – Rome falls to Germanic rulers. Byzantium all that remains of great Roman Empire Even Byzantium declines as it tries to help defend Rome.

29. Fall of the Roman Empire Economic problems Over-planted soil & war hindered food production Overpopulation drained the bank – high unemployment Widespread Empire cost more to manage & defend Trade hurt by robbers & Barbarian invaders – Attila the Hun Social problems More non-Romans became citizens – financially dependent Roman values replaced by those of Germanic immigrants Military Problems More non-Roman soldiers than Romans – discipline declined Invasions by Huns drove more outsiders to Empire

31. Legacy of Rome Engineering – Roads, buildings, aquaducts, plumbing Law – Set down codes of law still used today Case Law…Innocent ‘till proven guilty…law schools Military Tactics – formation and deployment of troops Language - “Romance” languages based on Latin Art & Liturature – provided “models” for other to follow History – Livy, Tacitus & Josephus all began to record.