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4. Contents Chapter Focus Section 1 Population PatternsSection 1 Section 2 History and GovernmentSection 2 Section 3 Cultures and LifestylesSection 3 Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to go to the corresponding content area. Press the ESC (escape) key at any time to exit the presentation. The Cultural Geography of South Asia

5. Section 2-1b Identify and Locate Mohenjo-Daro, Hindu Kush, Gupta Empire, Maurya Empire, Mogul Empire, British India  Section Objectives 1.Explain the early civilizations that developed in South Asia.  2.Compare the characteristics of Hinduism and Buddhism.  3.Identify the empires established in South Asia.  4.Explain how South Asians achieved independence. History and Government Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Additional lecture notes appear on the following slides.

6. Section 2-2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Introduction Three groups of Invaders,  initially the Aryans  Then the Muslims  Then the Europeans, Each had significant influence on the region’s cultural development. Indo-Gangetic Plain attracted many groups of people. 

7. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early History One of the world’s first great civilizations arose in the Indus Valley –Around 2500 B.C., –likely founded by immigrants from Iran.  MOVEMENT The immigrants developed –writing system –strong central government –rich overseas trade.

8. Section 2-3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early History MOVEMENT Mohenjo-Daro, –present-day Pakistan –boasted great wealth and sophisticated technology. Environmental changes may have led to the decline of this great civilization between 1700 B.C. and 1500 B.C. 

9. Section 2-4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early History (cont.) MOVEMENT The Indus River changed its course –some cities flooded –other cities became stranded  Upon collapse, the Aryans entered the region from the northwest.

10. Section 2-5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early History (cont.) The Aryans left behind few artifacts, –sacred literature called the Vedas.  MOVEMENT These four books explained Aryan religious beliefs and how Aryan society was divided into three classes:  –nobles  –priests  –ordinary people

11. Section 2-6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Early History (cont.) At first these classes were fairly flexible.  MOVEMENT Eventually a rigid caste system developed in which people could not change their social status.  This system prevailed in India for centuries.

12. Section 2-7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Religions Hinduism and Buddhism, began in India.  PLACE To understand Indian history and culture, it is important to understand the origins and the teachings of these religions.

13. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hinduism is both a way of life and a set of beliefs. Hindus believe that…  Hinduism grew out of Aryan culture –incorporated the caste system first laid out in the Vedas.  Hinduism –every individual must live according to her or his own dharma, or moral duty.  –good actions are rewarded and bad deeds punished according to the law of karma. 

14. Section 2-8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Hinduism cont’ people are reincarnated, or reborn, repeatedly until they have overcome all their weaknesses and earthly desires. –At that point, they are released from the cycle of rebirth and achieved Moksha.

16. Section 2-9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. As a man, Siddhartha had everything he could want, but his awareness of human suffering made him unable to enjoy life, so he went on a pilgrimage.  After years, Siddhartha perceived the true nature of human existence, and he became known as the Buddha, or the Awakened One. In approximately 563 B.C., in present- day Nepal, a prince was born– Siddhartha Gautama.  Buddhism

17. –Statues of Buddha such as this, the Tian Tan Buddha statue in Hong Kong, remind followers to practice right living.

18. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To escape the chain of desire and suffering which leads to endless rebirth, one must live by certain rules, including –thinking clearly, –acting wisely, –behaving kindly toward others.  Buddha spent his life teaching that people suffer because they are overly attached to material things.  Buddhism (cont.)

19. Section 2-10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Buddha had no religious rituals but offered human beings a practical way out of unhappiness into a state of great insight, calm, and happiness, called nirvana. Buddhism (cont.)

20. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Invasions and Empires After the Aryans, many other groups of invaders entered South Asia through the Hindu Kush Mountain range in the northwest.  MOVEMENT

21. Section 2-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Invasions and Empires MOVEMENT First, the Maurya established an empire that lasted from about 320 B.C., to 180 B.C.  The last and greatest Mauryan emperor was named Asoka, a Hindu that helped spread Buddhism.

22. Section 2-12 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Invasions and Empires (cont.) About 500 years later, the Gupta dynasty created a new empire in northern India, which lasted from about A.D. 320 to 550.  MOVEMENT Muslim merchants, adventurers, and missionaries first entered India in the 700s.  By the 1100s, Muslim armies had conquered northern India, and a succession of Muslim conquerors ruled the subcontinent for the next several centuries.

23. Section 2-13 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Invasions and Empires (cont.) The final invaders were the Europeans who arrived about 1500.  MOVEMENT The Portuguese arrived first, mainly to trade.  By the early 1600s, England had become the leading European power, largely because of the success of its royal trading company, the East India Company. It occupied almost the entire region.

24. Section 2-14 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Invasions and Empires (cont.) Under the company’s rule came the reorganization of education, the introduction of the English language, and the development of a civil service. MOVEMENT

25. Map Supplement 2.1

26. Section 2-15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Modern South Asia Today the countries of South Asia are independent of European control, an independence that did not come easily. PLACE

27. Section 2-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. A British-trained lawyer, Mohandas K. Gandhi, believed that Indians should rely on nonviolent methods to persuade the British to leave India.  Under his guidance, many Indians refused to buy British-made goods.  Known as Mahatma, or “Great Soul,” Gandhi was often imprisoned and went on a hunger strike. Many people of South Asia wanted freedom from the United Kingdom.  Independence

29. Section 2-17 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In 1947 British India was divided into 2 independent states.  Areas with a Muslim majority became part of the Muslim nation of Pakistan, while areas with a majority of Hindus became part of the nation of India.  Under this plan, Pakistan consisted of 2 sections–East Pakistan and West Pakistan. By the end of World War II, the British were tired of fighting faraway conflicts and agreed to grant independence.  Independence (cont.)

30. Section 2-18 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. In the northern part of the subcontinent, Bhutan and Nepal had always remained independent of the British. British-ruled Ceylon was granted independence and, in 1972, changed its name to Sri Lanka.  Independence (cont.)

31. Section 2-19 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Muslims living in mostly Hindu India fled to Pakistan.  Many Hindus in Pakistan migrated to India.  Rioting broke out, and tens of thousands were killed.  Problems also developed between the people of East and West Pakistan. After independence (1947), tensions arose between Muslims and Hindus.  Today’s Governments

32. Section 2-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The current governments of South Asia include democracies and monarchies.  India is a federal parliamentary republic.  Sri Lanka and Bangladesh also have parliamentary systems.  Pakistan today has a president who is elected indirectly by members of the legislature.  Bhutan and Nepal are monarchies. In 1971, East Pakistan revolted and declared itself the independent nation of Bangladesh.  Today’s Governments (cont.)

33. Section 2-Assessment 1 In what part of South Asia were the first great cities built? The first great cities were built in the Indus River valley. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

34. Section 2-Assessment 2 Compare and contrast Buddhism and Hinduism. Both teach that people are reincarnated until they overcome their weaknesses. Buddhism has no religious rituals. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

35. –End of Section 2

36. Summary 2 Section 2 Summary Many peoples have conquered South Asia, from the Aryans to the British.  Two of the world’s great religions–Hinduism and Buddhism–originated in South Asia.  After World War II, the region achieved independence from the British Empire.  Today most of the people of South Asia elect their leaders. The Indus Valley was home to one of the world’s first great civilizations.  Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information.

37. –Goto Contents

38. Social Studies Skills 2 What is the topic of the graphs? population growth in India and Pakistan Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

39. Social Studies Skills 3 What time period is measured on these graphs? 1980–2010, thirty years Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

40. Social Studies Skills 4 What do the numbers on the y-axis represent? millions of people Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

41. Social Studies Skills 5 What was the approximate population of each country in 1992? Pakistan–about 120 million; India–almost 900 million Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

42. Social Studies Skills 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Are the figures shown for the year 2010 actual or estimated? Why? They are estimated based on the continuation of current population trends.

43. End of Social Studies Skills

44. Section Focus 2

45. Section Focus 2 (Answers)