1. Theories of Development What ideas do we have about how you developed?

3. Why are some ideas grand theories? Comprehensive Enduring Widely applied

4. What are the grand theories? Psychoanalytic Behaviorism (Learning theory) Cognitive

5. What is the psychoanalytic theory? Freud 1856 – 1936 Development determined by unconscious motives & drives Freud’s stages Oral stage - Infancy – the mouth – (0-2 yrs.) Thumb sucking & feeding Anal stage - Early childhood – the anus – (2-3 yrs.) Bowel & bladder control Phallic stage - Preschool years – the penis – (3-7 yrs.) Learns differences between males and females Aware of gender roles Latency – Early childhood – (7-11 yrs.) Physical development – sexual urges quiet Genital – Adolescence through death (11 – adult) More independent & learns to deal with opposite sex

6. What is Erikson’s related psychoanalytic theory? Erikson 1902 – 1994 Eight developmental stages 1. Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Integrity vs. Despair

7. How do Freud & Erikson compare?

8. Do you remember? What does the psychoanalytic theory think determines development? What were Freud’s stages of development? What were Erickson’s stages of development? What stage would a teenager be in with Erickson’s theory of development?

9. What is behaviorism? All behavior is learned Observable behavior is all that matters Classical conditioning Pavlov One item is associated with another Operant conditioning Skinner Reinforcement Punishment Social learning Bandura Modeling

10. What is Classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

11. Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation Neutral Stimulus = Tone Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone When paired with the unconditioned stimulus Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

12. Example

14. What is Operant Conditioning? B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior) Associating behavior with its consequences E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

15. What does reinforcement do? Positive reinforcement Increases behavior Give something a person wants E.g. Vending machine Negative reinforcement Increases behavior Remove an unwanted stimulus E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging

16. What does punishment do? Positive punishment Reduces behavior Get something you don’t want Time out, spanking, or jail Negative punishment Reduces behavior What you do want is taken away ( Television time) Problem with punishment Creates anger, fear, resistance Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable behavior.

17. Do you remember? What is the main difference between behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory? What is an example (you make up) of classical conditioning? What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning? What is your example of operant conditioning?

18. What is Social learning theory? Also called observational learning which occurs through modeling. Albert Bandura Observed behaviors become copied behaviors Learning occurs without reinforcement

19. What is Cognitive Theory? Jean Piaget Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Object Permanence Preoperational (2-7 years) Conservation of Matter Egocentric Concrete operations (7-12 years) Concrete objects Formal operations (12 to adult) Abstract thought “What if?” questions can be considered

20. What is Cognitive Equilibrium? Piaget We want mental balance (equilibrium) New ideas create disequilibrium How do we incorporate new ideas to reduce disequilibrium? Assimilation Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas) Our existing basic ideas do not change, we simply come up with a reason why this new information should not change our preexisting ideas. E.g. this person is uninformed. Accommodation Our existing basic ideas do change. I should change my thinking to include this new information.

21. What is Sociocultural Theory? We are shaped by our culture Behavior can not be understood without studying the context (culture) Guided participation Instruction + shared involvement E.g. Teaching children how to set the table Which pictures go with which ideas above?

22. Do you remember? What is your example of the social learning theory? What are Piaget’s stages of development, and the key developments in each stage? What is an example of Piaget’s concepts of accommodation and assimilation? What is and main concept of the sociocultural theory of behavior? Can you give an example of this?

23. What do these theories each contribute? Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood Behaviorism – Environment Cognitive – Thinking Sociocultural theory – Culture All have strengths & weaknesses No theory is applicable to all behaviors