1. Rome’s Mediterranean Empire 753 BCE – 600 CE

2. A. Republic of Farmers; 753 – 31 BCE
Founding (Romulus)
Landownership
Independent farmers
Rights/limitations for citizens
Senate – consuls
Patricians vs. plebians
Patron – client relationship
Women - rights
Pax deorum

3. Compare and contrast the rights of citizens in Athens and the Roman Republic.

4. B. Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean
Causes
Military structure
Extension of citizenship (Italy)
Wars with Carthaginians and Hellenistic Empires (264 – 146 BCE)
Afraid of overextension
Direct control
Julius Caesar – Gaul
Local elite – taxes
Governors in the provinces

5. C. Failure of the Republic
Loss of independent farmers
Powerful aristocracy
Slaves
Landless men (military)
Powerful generals – loyalty of military
Dictators

6. Why did the Roman Republic pursue a policy of expansion
Why did the Roman Republic pursue a policy of expansion? What were the costs of this policy?

7. D. The Roman Principate Octavian (Augustus 31 – 14 BCE)
Appearance of Republic
More territory (Egypt)
Equites – civil service
Immediate succession
Armies, merit
Legal experts – new laws

8. E. An Urban Empire Big cities Lack of cheap labor Absentee landlords
Agriculture FUNDS cities
Trade in pax Romana
Romanization
212 CE – citizenship extended to provinces
Emperors FROM provinces

9. How would you characterize the core – periphery relationship in Rome during the first two centuries of the Roman principate?

10. F. Rise of Christianity Roman control over Palestine (unrest)
Jesus of Nazareth (4 BCE – 30 CE)
Sources/dates – Bible
“Historical Jesus”
Paul – gentiles
Jewish – Roman War (66 – 70 CE)
Persecution
Mystery Cults

11. How did the Roman Empire both facilitate, and challenge, the spread of Christianity before Constantine?

12. G. Crisis (235 – 284 CE) and Changes
Roads, walls, aqueducts, borders
Third Century Crisis: emperors, soldiers, lack of taxes, etc.
Diocletian – state control of economy
Constantine (306 – 337 CE)
313 CE – Edict of Milan
Capital: Rome to Byzantium

13. H. Byzantines and Germans
East vs. west
Growth of Church
325 CE – Council of Nicaea
Structure/beliefs
Justinian (527 – 565 CE) – law codes
395 CE - Separation of empires
Germans overwhelm the west
410 CE – Visigoths sack Rome; 476 – last Roman emperor
Languages

14. What brought about the fall of the Roman Empire?