2. Political Map of South Asia

3. Physical Map of South Asia

4. Population Density if South Asia

5. Mt. Everest of the Himalayan Mts.

6. Formation of the Himalayas

7. Hindu Kush Western part of the Himalayas, separating Pakistan from Afghanistan and kept neighboring tribes from invading India. The only way through is the Khyber Pass.

8. Deccan Plateau Eastern and Western Ghats block moister from reaching this interior plateau, so it is rather arid.

9. Major Rivers: used for farming and energy production Indus River: West and South through Pakistan Ganges River: Northern India, sacred, polluted

10. More Rivers Brahmaputra River: E, W, & S through Bangladesh Bangladesh Delta: formed by Ganges & Brahmaputra Rivers

11. Indo-Gangetic Plain One of the largest farming regions in the world. Home to 3/5 of India’s population. Includes New Delhi, Kolkata, & Dakha

12. Off Shore Islands Sri Lanka: tropical island south of India Maldives: 1,200 islands, 200 inhabitable, most are atolls

13. Minerals in South Asia 1.India is 4 th largest in world coal production 2.Uranium, oil, iron ore & diamonds also found in India 3.Mica also found here- necessary for electrical equipment which allows for the major computer industry 4.Sri Lanka has sapphires and rubies

14. Climate Zones in South Asia 1.Tropical Wet, Tropical Wet and Dry, Desert, Semi-arid, humid subtropical, and highland 2.Monsoons: heavy rains in the summer, dry in the winter 3.Ecosystems: rainforests, temperate grasslands, desert scrub

15. Weather Issues 1.Severe monsoon season 2.Summer Monsoon: June – September– severe flooding 3.Winter Monsoon: October – February– severe drought 4.Cyclones are a major problem 5.Build houses on stilts to combat the monsoon flooding

16. Ancient Empires of India 1.Civilization began in the Indus Valley (Pakistan) 2.Mauryan Empire (321 BCE) – spread Buddhism 3.Gupta Empire (400 CE) 4.Mughal Empire (1700 CE) spread Islam

17. British Rule of India 1.British East India Company 2.Raj: period of direct British control lasted for 90 years 3.Gandhi and nonviolent resistance 4.August 14, 1947 – India became independent and division of India (Pakistan & Bangladesh)

18. Democracy in India 1.Jawaharal Nehru- 1 st Prime Minister of India (follower of Gandhi) 2.Federation, Parliamentary Democracy 3.1 st female Prime Minister – Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi (1980s)

19. Life in Modern India 1.Marriage is center of Indian life and most are arranged 2.Most are vegetarians 3.Hindi is the official language but 18 are recognized and > 1,000 spoken 4.80% Hindu, but also have Muslims, Sikhs, Tamils, & Buddhists

20. Hinduism  Originated in Indus Valley Civilizations  Polytheistic  Belief in unity of everything – Brahman  Goal to achieve enlightenment through reincarnation – caste system – Karma  Only Brahmans can perform religious rituals  Most are vegetarians

21. Sikhism  Founded by Guru Nanak Dev in the Punjab area of India, now Pakistan  Believe in karma & reincarnation  Most are vegetarians  Reject caste system  Standard Beliefs:  1 immortal being  10 gurus  The Guru Granth Sahib  The teachings of the 10 gurus  Those who do not hold allegiance to another religion are sikh

22. Buddhism  Siddharta Gautama – reached enlightenment & became Buddha  Middle Way  Reincarnation  Way of life, no Gods, no need to pray, no eternal life after death  4 Noble Truths  Eightfold Path

23. Four Noble Truths  1. Life means suffering.  2. The origin of suffering is attachment  3. It is possible to end suffering  4. ending of suffering is through the Eightfold Path

24. Eightfold Path  Perfect Understanding – through 4 noble truths  Perfect Thought – avoid jealousy or anger  Perfect Speech – no harsh words or mindless chatter  Perfect Action – observe 5 Precepts  Perfect Livelihood – don’t harm others  Perfect Effort – determined discipline  Perfect Mindfulness – awareness of the self  Perfect Concentration – purification of the mind

25. India’s Caste System – outlawed in 1947, but still widely practiced 1.Brahmans: priests and scholars 2.Kshatriyas: rulers and warriors 3.Vaisyas: farmers and merchants 4.Sudras: artisans and laborers 5.Dalits: untouchables

26. India’s Partition 1.Split b/w Hindu India and Muslim East and West Pakistan 2.Muslims moved into Pakistan and Hindus in India 3.1971 – East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh

27. Nepal and Bhutan 1.Very mountainous and secluded 2.Constitutional monarchies 3.Tourism is growing in Nepal but Bhutan regulates tourism 4.Buddhism 5.Landlocked, unlike the other countries in South Asia

28. Population Issues 1.Many people in India lack food, clothing, and shelter 2.Illiteracy is a problem 3.High infant mortality rate, but small families are encouraged 4.Education is key, but rarely available for girls

29. Kashmir Issue 1.Area found over by India and Pakistan (12 million ppl live here) 2.Most ppl who live here are Muslim, but controlled by Hindus 3.Both have nuclear weapons, fear of nuclear war 4.Indus River Valley area

30. Farakka Barrage Dispute 1.Dam on the Ganges River 2.Built by India 16 km from the Bangladesh border 3.Result: diverted much needed water from downstream Bangladesh causing desertification and contaminated fisheries 4.Bangladesh launched a complaint against India with the United Nations