1. “Radical Reconstruction”???
Failure to implement truly radical measures during reconstruction failed to truly help southern Blacks while thoroughly angering and alienating southern whites.

2. I. After Appomattox: The Ultimate Questions
How do you reconstruct the Union?
How far should the federal government go to insure Black freedom and civil rights?

3. II. Philosophies of Reconstruction
Presidential
--quick restoration with minimal protection for southern Blacks
Congressional
-- “loyal” southern governments to replace ex-confederates
--Southern Blacks need basic rights of American citizenship

4. III. Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln’s 10% plan
Battle over who had the power to reconstruct the Union
Andrew Johnson’s background
--hated southern planters
--no friend of Blacks
Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan (May, 1865)

5. IV. Radical Republicans Gain the Upper Hand
Johnson’s controversial vetoes
Johnson’s opposition to the 14th amendment
The “Swing Around the Circle” (1866)
Republicans won veto-proof majorities in the 1866 election

6. V. Congressional Reconstruction (Begins in 1867)
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Military rule of the south
Readmission of states with guarantees of Black suffrage
Exclusion of ex-Confederates from government office
Radicals wanted redistribution of land to Blacks—too radical

7. VI. The Impeachment Crisis
Johnson tries to obstruct congressional reconstruction with executive privilege
Tenure of Office Act
Johnson tries to remove Secretary of War Stanton
Impeachment and Trial in the Senate
Process neutralized Johnson

8. VII. Reconstruction in the South
A Condition of Ruin
“Forty Acres and a Mule”
Blacks resist gang labor after the War
Development of Sharecropper system
Black Codes
The Segregated South
Freedmen faced violence if they tried to vote

9. VIII. The Southern Republican Party
Hastily organized for 1868 elections
Three constituencies:
--southern Blacks
--northern businessmen
--poor, white farmers
Some success, some corruption
Blacks held only limited political offices in the south

10. IX. The Fifteenth Amendment
Highpoint of Reconstruction era
Ratified in 1870
Ambiguous wording allowed the future use of literacy tests, poll taxes, and property requirements
Worked to divide the feminist movement

11. X. Grant and the Retreat from Reconstruction
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan between
Inconsistent use of federal troops to protect Black voters
Northern disenchantment with “propping up” corrupt southern state governments
Open southern appeal to white supremacy after 1872

12. X. Retreat from Reconstruction (cont.)
Grant administration facing charges of corruption
-- Credit Mobilier scandal
Radical Republicans dying or out of office
Civil service reform replaces Black civil rights as the major political issue of the time

13. XI. The Compromise of 1877 The election of 1876 Tilden vs. Hayes
Disputed votes in the electoral college
Electoral commission fell under Republican control
Hayes’ victory in exchange for southern “home rule”
Eliminates Republican party in the south

14. XII. The “New South” Redemption governments
Laissez-faire policies and white supremacy
Northern industry attracted to no taxes and low wages for workers
Corrupt governments

15. XII. “The New South” (cont.)
Lynchings common
Poor whites neglected just as much as Blacks
Some Blacks continue to vote until the 1890’s
Supreme Court decisions between gutted Reconstruction
--Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

16. XII. “The New South” (cont.)
Signs of sectional healing: Battlefield reunions
Sectional reconciliation made possible by northern abandonment of Black rights
“Lost Cause” myth also helps reconcile the two regions
Blacks bore the burden of sectional reconciliation