1. The American Promise: A History of the United States Fourth Edition
CHAPTER 16
Reconstruction
1863–1877

2. Wartime Reconstruction
“To Bind Up the Nation’s Wounds”
Lincoln’s plan – Proclamation of Amnesty
Wade-Davis Bill & Lincoln’s veto
Lincoln’s endorsement of suffrage for African Americans
Land and Labor
Slavery to paid labor or free labor
Labor organization and use of land of former slaveholders
Labor contracts and planters
Sherman’s suggestion for black settlement in Charleston
Freedman’s Bureau
Results of wartime reconstruction – no agreement between president and Congress about policies
The African American Quest for Autonomy
African Americans wanted rights denied

3. Presidential Reconstruction
White fear of African American reactions and behavior
Freedmen worked toward economic & religious independence, literacy, and family reunion.
Presidential Reconstruction
Johnson’s Program of Reconciliation
Defender of slavery but held planter class responsible
Continuation of Lincoln’s plan with mild changes
Normalization of relations with southern states – authorized return of confiscated lands from ex-Confederates and pardoned them

4. White Southern Resistance and Black Codes
New constitution in southern states
Fear that northerners would shape reconstruction
Subordination of African Americans – no objection from President Johnson
Former Confederates in office (1865 elections)
Expansion of Federal Authority and Black Rights
Moderate Republicans distrustful of ex-Confederates did not support President Johnson
Moderate Republicans wanted extension of Freedmen’s Bureau – Johnson vetoed bill
Civil Rights Act to nullify Black Codes – vetoed by Johnson but overridden by Congress
Another bill to extend Freedman’s Bureau – vetoed by Johnson but overridden by Congress

5. Congressional Reconstruction
The Fourteenth Amendment and Escalating Violence
th Amendment ratified – all native-Born and naturalized Americans to be citizens
Congressional delegation reduced for stated that withheld suffrage – Republicans stood to gain – women left out
Johnson hated the amendment and joined white opponents to form National Union Party
Stiff opposition to Johnson in southern states – Republican victory in 1866 elections
Radical Reconstruction and Military Rule
All southern states other than Tennessee voted down 14th Amendment
Military Reconstruction Act (1867) vetoed by Johnson overridden by Congress

6. Congressional Reconstruction
Impeaching a President
Violation of Office of Tenure Act
Impeachment proceedings – impeachment fell short by one vote
Congressional reconstruction proceeded unhindered for the last ten months of his term
The Fifteenth Amendment and Women’s Demands
Women deprived citizenship – women, especially suffragists unhappy with the move

7. The Struggle in the South
Freedmen, Yankees, and Yeomen
After 1867 Republican party had many African American members, white southerners and those who moved to the South
“White terror” and the formation of the Ku Klux Klan
Republican Rule
Republican majorities in southern states
Focused on education, civil rights, and economic development
Ambitious agenda but limited success due to corruption
White Landlords, Black Sharecroppers
Sharecropping, a compromise for ex-slaves and ex-masters
New figure in the equation – country merchant

8. A Southern Plantation in 1860 and 1881

9. The Election of 1868

11. Reconstruction Collapses
Grant’s Troubled Presidency
Wanted to forge policy to secure sectional reconciliation and justice for African Americans
Corruption and opposition but won reelection
Northern Resolve Withers
Ku Klux Act of 1871 and Civil Rights Act of 1875
Otherwise abandonment of reconstruction
White Supremacy Triumphs
Issue of race brings Democrats to power in southern states
Democrats blamed Republicans for southern economic woes – intimidated African American politicians and voters
An Election and a Compromise
Tilden-Hayes tie based on some questionable electoral college votes – Compromise of 1877 and end of reconstruction