1. 1
Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy

2. Introduction Anatomy The study of external structures
The study of internal structures
The study of the relationship between body parts
The careful observation of the human body 2

3. Introduction Physiology The study of how the body functions
The study of mechanisms in the body 3

4. Microscopic Anatomy Microscopic anatomy
The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Cytology—study of cells
Histology—study of tissues 4

5. Microscopic Anatomy Macroscopic anatomy
The study of structures that can be seen without magnification
Surface anatomy: refers to the superficial anatomical markings
Regional anatomy: refers to all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep
Systemic anatomy: The study of the organ systems of the body (digestive system, cardiovascular system, etc.) 5

6. Figure 1.1 The Study of Anatomy at Different Scales
Relative size m to mm
Relative size mm to m
Relative size m to nm
meters (m)
millimeters (mm)
micrometers (m)
nanometers (nm)
Size
1.7m
120mm
12mm
.5mm
120m
10m
1–12m
2m
10–120nm
11nm
8–10nm
2nm
1nm
.1nm
Approximate Magnification (Reduction) Factor
( .15)
( .12)
( .6)
 20
 83
 103
 103
 103
 105
 106
 106
 106
 107
 108
From actual to artwork on this page
Human Body
Fingertip (width)
Large protozoan
DNA (diameter)
Human heart
Human oocyte
Red blood cell
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Amino acids
Bacteria
Viruses
Proteins
Atoms
Unaided human eye
Compound light microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron microscope 6

7. Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Developmental anatomy:
Examines structural changes over time
Embryology:
The study of early developmental stages
Comparative anatomy:
Considers different types of animals
Clinical anatomy:
Focuses on pathological changes during illness 7

8. Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Surgical anatomy:
Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Radiographic anatomy:
The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body
Cross-sectional anatomy:
The use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI scans) to look at cross sections of the body 8

9. Figure 1.2 Comparative Anatomy
Embryo
Adult
Salmon (bony fish)
Somites segmental blocks forming muscles, vertebrae, etc.
Skull surrounds brain in cranail cavity
Vertebrae surround spinal cord in spinal cavity
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord forming brain and spinal cord
Notochord a stiffened rod below spinal cord, usually replaced by vertebrae
Muscular tail extends beyond exit of digestive tract
Chicken
Digestive tract
Skull
Limb bud
Somites
Vertebrae
Basic Vertebrate Body Plan
Mouth
Heart
Anus
Human
Skull
Somites
Braincase of cartilage or bone surrounds the brain
Pharyngeal (gill) arches may persist or be modified to form other structures in adult
Ventral body cavity contains thoracic and abdominopelvic organs
Vertebrae
Limb buds
All vertebrates share a basic pattern of anatomical organization that differs from that of other animals.
The similarities between vertebrates are most apparent when comparing embryos at comparable stages of development.
The similarities are less obvious when comparing adult vertebrates. 9

10. Levels of Organization
Chemical/Molecular (simple)
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism (complex) 10

11. Levels of Organization
Chemical/Molecular
Over a dozen elements in the body
Four of them make up 99% of the body
Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen
Major classes of compounds
Water
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids 11

12. Elemental composition of the body. Molecular composition of the body
Figure 1.3 Composition of the Body at the Chemical Level of Organization
Oxygen 26%
Hydrogen 62%
Carbon 10%
Nitrogen 1.5%
OTHER ELEMENTS
Water – 66%
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Sulfur Chlorine Magnesium Iron Iodine Trace elements
0.2%
0.2% 0.06% 0.06% 0.05% 0.04% 0.03% % % (see caption)
Proteins 20%
Lipids 10%
Carbohydrates 3%
Elemental composition of the body.
Molecular composition of the body
Trace elements include silicon, fluorine, copper, manganese, zinc, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, cadmium, chromium, tin, aluminum, and boron. 12

13. Levels of Organization
Cell
The smallest living unit in the body
Tissue
Many cells and some surrounding material
Organ
Combination of tissues 13

14. Levels of Organization
Organ System
Combination of various organs make up a specific system
For example: the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up the digestive system
Humans are composed of 11 organ systems
ORGANISM 14

15. Figure 1.4 Levels of Organization
Size
Organism Level
All of the organ systems must work together for a person to remain alive and healthy.
1.7m
Organ System Level
Cardiovascular
Endocrine
Lymphoid
Nervous
Respiratory
Muscular
Digestive
Skeletal
Urinary
Integumentary
Reproductive
The cardiovascular system includes the heart, the blood, and blood vessels.
Organ Level
The heart is a complex three- dimensional organ.
120mm
Tissue Level
Cardiac muscle tissue constitutes the bulk of the walls of the heart.
1mm
Cellular Level
Cardiac muscle tissue is formed from interlocking heart muscle cells.
1mm
Chemical or Molecular Levels
Heart muscle cells contain within them contractile protein fibers.
10m
10nm
Complex contractile protein fibers are organized from molecules.
Molecules are formed from interacting atoms.
.1nm 15

16. Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 1 of 2)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Integumentary system
Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control
Skeletal system
Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation
Muscular system
Locomotion, support, heat production
Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
Nervous system
Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Endocrine system
Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Cardiovascular system 16

17. Figure 1.5 An Introduction to Organ Systems (Part 2 of 2)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Lymphoid system
Defense against infection and disease
Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood
Respiratory system
Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water
Digestive system
Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH
Urinary system
Reproductive system
Production of sex cells and hormones 17

18. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Responsiveness (irritability)
A change in activity based on a stimulus
Adaptability
Long-term responsiveness
Growth
The increase in size of an organism
Differentiation
Becoming specialized to perform particular functions 18

19. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Reproduction
The production of new generations of the same organism
Movement
The ability to change the position of something
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions in the body
Anabolism: the synthesis of complex molecules
Catabolism: the breakdown of complex molecules 19

20. An Introduction to Organ Systems
Absorption:
The process of bringing chemicals into the body
Respiration:
The absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells
Digestion:
The processes of catabolism that make nutrients small enough to be absorbed
Excretion:
The removal of wastes 20

21. HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostatic regulation is the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.
Two general mechanisms are involved in homeostatic regulation: autoregulation and extrinsic regulation:
1. Autoregulation, (intrinsic regulation)a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts automatically in response to some environmental change.
Example: oxygen decrease- cells release chemicals- dilate bl.vessels.
2. Extrinsic regulation nervous system or endocrine system control or adjust the activities of many systems .
For example: exercise-n.s. increases heart rate & n.s. reduces blood flow to less active organs(digestive)

22. nervous system directs rapid, short-term, and very specific responses
nervous system directs rapid, short-term, and very specific responses. (hot stove)
endocrine system releases chemical messengers, called hormones, that affect tissues and organs throughout the body.
The responses may not be immediately apparent, but they may persist for days or weeks.
Ex:regulation of blood volume and composition (starvation).
The endocrine system also plays a major role in growth and development

23. homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts:
(1) a receptor, a sensor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change, or stimulus;
(2) a control center, or integration center, which receives and processes the information supplied by the receptor; and
(3) an effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

24. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
an effector activated by the control center opposes, or negates, the original stimulus. Negative feedback thus tends to minimize change,
Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve negative feedback. (body temperature)hypothalamus,

25. Negative feedback

26. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
In positive feedback, an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions rather than opposing it.
positive feedback loops are often incorporated into control mechanisms in which a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly.
For example, the immediate danger from a severe cut is the loss of blood, which can lower blood pressure and reduce the efficiency of the heart. clotting gets under way, each step releases chemicals that accelerate the process. formation of a blood clot, patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding. Also labor and delivery,

27. Positive feedback

29. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 1 of 12)
The Integumentary System
Protects against environmental hazards; helps control body temperature
Hair
Epidermis and associated glands
Fingernail 29

30. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 2 of 12)
The Skeletal System
Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms blood cells
AXIAL SKELETON
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Skull
Supporting bones (scapula and clavicle)
Sternum
Ribs
Upper limb bones
Vertebrae
Sacrum
Pelvis (supporting bones plus sacrum)
Lower limb bones 30

31. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 3 of 12)
The Muscular System
Allows for locomotion; provides support; produces heat
Axial muscles
Appendicular muscles 31

32. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 4 of 12)
The Nervous System
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Brain
Spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Peripheral nerves 32

33. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 5 of 12)
The Endocrine System
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems
Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Suprarenal gland
Ovary in female
Testis in male 33

34. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 6 of 12)
The Cardiovascular System
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases
Heart
Capillaries
Artery
Vein 34

35. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 7 of 12)
The Lymphoid System
Defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphatic vessel 35

36. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 8 of 12)
The Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood; produces sound
Nasal cavity
Sinus
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Lung
Bronchi
Diaphragm 36

37. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 9 of 12)
The Digestive System
Processes food and absorbs nutrients
Salivary gland
Pharynx
Esophagus
Liver
Gallbladder
Stomach
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus 37

38. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 10 of 12)
The Urinary System
Eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra 38

39. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 11 of 12)
The Male Reproductive System
Produces sex cells and hormones
Prostate gland
Seminal gland
Ductus deferens
Urethra
Epididymis
Testis
Penis
Scrotum 39

40. Figure 1.6 The Organ Systems of the Body (Part 12 of 12)
The Female Reproductive System
Produces sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth
Mammary gland
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia 40

41. The Language of Anatomy
Superficial Anatomy
Using the proper terms to identify the structures of the body helps physicians communicate with each other and the patient
The terms are typically derived from Latin or Greek
Latin or Greek is used because they are descriptive languages 41

42. Figure 1.7 The Importance of Precise Vocabulary42

43. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical Landmarks
Anatomical position
The hands are at the side
The palms are facing forward
All discussion of the human body is in reference to the anatomical position
Supine: lying down (face up) in the anatomical position
Prone: lying down (face down) in the anatomical position 43

44. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks
Frons or forehead (frontal)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Auris or ear (otic)
Cranium or skull (cranial)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Facies or face (facial)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin (mental)
Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic)
Axilla or armpit (axillary)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Brachium or arm (brachial)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Trunk
Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital)
Umbilicus or naval (umbilical)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Carpus or wrist (carpal)
Palma or palm (palmar)
Manus or hand (manual)
Inguen or groin (inguinal)
Pollex or thumb
Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Pubis (pubic)
Patella or kneecap (patellar)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)
Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Pes or foot (pedal)
Hallux or great toe
Anterior view in the anatomical position. 44

45. The Language of Anatomy
Head and Neck Region
Frons
Nasus
Oculus
Auris
Bucca
Oris
Mentis
Cervis
Occipital (posterior head region) 45

46. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Frons or forehead (frontal)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Auris or ear (otic)
Cranium or skull (cranial)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Facies or face (facial)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin (mental)
Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic)
Axilla or armpit (axillary)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Brachium or arm (brachial)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Trunk
Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital)
Umbilicus or naval (umbilical)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) 46

47. The Language of Anatomy
Torso Region
Thoracis
Mamma
Abdomen
Umbilicus
Pelvis
Dorsum
Lumbus 47

48. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Frons or forehead (frontal)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Auris or ear (otic)
Cranium or skull (cranial)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Facies or face (facial)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin (mental)
Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic)
Axilla or armpit (axillary)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Brachium or arm (brachial)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Trunk
Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital)
Umbilicus or naval (umbilical)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) 48

49. Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Shoulder (acromial)
Dorsum or (back (dorsal)
Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal)
Upper limb
Lumbus or loin (lumbar) 49

50. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Carpus or wrist (carpal)
Palma or palm (palmar)
Manus or hand (manual)
Inguen or groin (inguinal)
Pollex or thumb
Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Pubis (pubic)
Patella or kneecap (patellar)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)
Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Pes or foot (pedal)
Hallux or great toe 50

51. The Language of Anatomy
The Arm and Hand
Brachium
Antecubitis
Antebrachium
Carpus
Palma
Pollex
Axilla
Olecranon (cubitis) 51

52. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Frons or forehead (frontal)
Nasus or nose (nasal)
Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Auris or ear (otic)
Cranium or skull (cranial)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Facies or face (facial)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Oris or mouth (oral
Mentis or chin (mental)
Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic)
Axilla or armpit (axillary)
Mamma or breast (mammary)
Brachium or arm (brachial)
Abdomen (abdominal)
Trunk
Antecubitis or front of elbow (antecubital)
Umbilicus or naval (umbilical)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial) 52

53. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Carpus or wrist (carpal)
Palma or palm (palmar)
Manus or hand (manual)
Inguen or groin (inguinal)
Pollex or thumb
Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Pubis (pubic)
Patella or kneecap (patellar)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)
Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Pes or foot (pedal)
Hallux or great toe 53

54. Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 1 of 2)
Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Shoulder (acromial)
Dorsum or (back (dorsal)
Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal)
Upper limb
Lumbus or loin (lumbar) 54

55. The Language of Anatomy
The Leg and Foot
Inguen
Pubis
Femur
Patella
Crus
Tarsus
Hallux 55

56. The Language of Anatomy
The Leg and Foot (continued)
Gluteus
Gluteal cleft (natal cleft)
Gluteal fold
Popliteus
Sura
Calcaneus
Planta
Hallux 56

57. Figure 1.8a Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)
Pelvis (pelvic)
Carpus or wrist (carpal)
Palma or palm (palmar)
Manus or hand (manual)
Inguen or groin (inguinal)
Pollex or thumb
Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Pubis (pubic)
Patella or kneecap (patellar)
Femur or thigh (femoral)
Crus or leg (crural)
Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)
Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Pes or foot (pedal)
Hallux or great toe 57

58. Figure 1.8b Anatomical Landmarks (Part 2 of 2)
Gluteus or buttock (gluteal)
Lower limb
Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal)
Sura or calf (sural)
Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal)
Planta or sole of foot (plantar) 58

59. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Anatomists and clinicians use specialized regional terms to indicate a specific area of concern within the abdomen or the pelvic regions of the body.
The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into four regions (abdominopelvic quadrants)
The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine regions (abdominopelvic regions) 59

60. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Abdominopelvic quadrants
Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower quadrant (LLQ) 60

61. Figure 1.9a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine
Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Cecum, appendix, and portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in male), and right ureter
Most of small intestine and portions of large intestine, left ureter, and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)
Abdominopelvic quadrants divide the area into four sections. These terms, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions. 61

62. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Abdominopelvic regions
Epigastric
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Hypogastric
Right inguinal
Left inguinal 62

63. Figure 1.9b Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Epigastric region
Right hypochondriac region
Left hypochondriac region
Umbilical region
Right lumbar region
Left lumbar region
Hypogastric region
Right inguinal region
Left inguinal region
More precise anatomical descriptions are provided by reference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region. 63

64. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic quadrants
RUQ: Most of the liver, gallbladder
LUQ: Most of the stomach, spleen
RLQ: cecum, appendix, right ureter, right ovary, right spermatic cord
LLQ: left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord 64

65. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic regions
Epigastric: left lobe of liver
Right hypochondriac: right lobe of liver, liver fundus
Left hypochondriac: stomach fundus, spleen 65

66. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic regions
Umbilical: small intestine, transverse colon
Right lumbar: ascending colon
Left lumbar: descending colon 66

67. The Language of Anatomy
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Select organs found within the abdominopelvic regions
Hypogastric: urinary bladder, appendix (position varies), major portion of the small intestine
Right inguinal: cecum, appendix (position varies)
Left inguinal: sigmoid colon 67

68. Figure 1.9c Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Gallbladder
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary bladder
Quadrants or regions are useful because there is a known relationship between superficial anatomical landmarks and underlying organs. 68

69. The Language of Anatomy
Anatomical directions
The most common directional terms used are:
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep 69

70. Figure 1.10 Directional References
SUPERIOR
SUPERIOR
Cranial
Right
Left
Proximal
Posterior or dorsal
Anterior or ventral
Lateral
Medial
Caudal
Proximal
Distal
Distal
INFERIOR
INFERIOR
Lateral view
Anterior view 70

71. Table 1.2 Regional and Directional Terms71

72. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy
There are many different ways to dissect a piece of tissue for further study. These are referred to as dissectional cuts or dissectional planes.
Sagittal cut (midsagittal and parasagittal)
Transverse cut
Frontal cut
Oblique cut 72

73. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy
Sagittal cut: separating left and right
Midsagittal: separating left and right equally
Parasagittal: separating left and right unequally
Transverse cut: separating superior and inferior
Frontal cut: separating anterior and posterior
Oblique cut: separating the tissue at an angle 73

74. Figure 1.11 Planes of Section
Frontal plane
Sagittal plane
Transverse plane 74

75. Table 1.3 Terms That Indicate Planes of Section75

76. Figure 1.12 Sectional Planes and Visualization76

77. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities
If you remove an organ from the body, you will leave a cavity
The body cavities are studied in this manner:
Posterior cavity
Anterior cavity 77

78. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities
Posterior cavity
Cranial cavity: consists of the brain
Spinal cavity: consists of the spinal cord 78

79. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities
Anterior cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity 79

80. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Anterior cavity
Thoracic cavity consists of:
Pleural cavity: lungs
Pericardial cavity: heart
Mediastinal cavity: space between the apex of the lungs 80

81. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Anterior cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity consists of:
Peritoneal cavity: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc.
Pelvic cavity: urinary bladder 81

82. The Language of Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy: Body cavities
Each cavity consists of a double-layered membrane
The membrane nearest the wall of the body (farthest from the organs) is the parietal membrane
parietal pleura, parietal pericardium, parietal peritoneum
The membrane farthest from the wall of the body (nearest the organs) is the visceral membrane
visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum 82

83. Figure 1.14 The Ventral Body Cavity
Ventral Body Cavity (Coelom)
• Provides protection • Allows organ movement • Lining prevents friction
Separated by diaphragm into
Thoracic Cavity
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
Contains the peritoneal cavity
subdivided into
includes the
Right Pleural Cavity
Mediastinum
Left Pleural Cavity
Abdominal Cavity
Pelvic Cavity
Surrounds right     lung
Contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
Surrounds left lung
Contains many digestive glands and organs
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
also contains
Pericardial Cavity
Surrounds heart 83

84. Figure 1.13ab Body Cavities
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
Visceral pericardium
Heart
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Thoracic cavity
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Air space
Diaphragm
Balloon
The heart projects into the pericardial cavity like a fist pushed into a balloon.
Peritoneal cavity
Abdominal cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
Lateral view of the subdivisions of the ventral body cavities. The muscular diaphragm separates the superior thoracic (chest) cavity and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity. 84

85. Figure 1.13cd Body Cavities
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Diaphragm
Peritoneal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Anterior view of the ventral body cavity and its subdivisions
Sternum
Heart in pericardial cavity
Pleural cavity
Right lung
Left lung
Right lung
Left lung
Pleura
Mediastinum
Spinal cord
Sectional view of the thoracic cavity. Unless otherwise noted, all sectional views are presented in inferior view. (See Clinical Note on pp. 22–23 for more details.) 85