1. Educational Psychology: Theory and Practice Chapter 2
Theories of Development
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2. Organizing Questions What Are Some Views of Human Development?
How Did Piaget View Cognitive Development?
How Is Piaget’s Work Viewed Today?
How Did Vygotsky View Cognitive Development?
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3. Issues of Development Nature-Nurture Controversy
Continuous and Discontinuous Theories
Continuous Theory of Development
Discontinuous Theory of Development
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4. Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development
Schemes
Adaptation
Assimilation
Accommodation
Equilibration
Contructivism
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5. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2)
Reflexes
Trial and Error
Planned Problem Solving
Object Permanence
Goal Directed Behavior
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7. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Preoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)
Conservation
Centration
Reversibility
Focus on States
Egocentric
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9. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Concrete Operational Stage (Ages 7 to 11)
Inferred Reality
Seriation
Transitivity
Decentered Thought
Class Inclusion
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11. Piaget’s Stages of Development
Formal Operational Stage (Age 11 to Adult)
Hypothetical Situations
Systematic Reasoning
Monitored Reasoning
Symbolic Thinking
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12. Criticisms and Revisions of Piaget’s Theory
Tasks Can Be Taught Earlier
Exceptions to Egocentricity
Earlier Mastery of Object Permanence
Development Depends on Task
Development Influenced by Experience
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13. Implications of Piaget Theory on Teaching
Developmentally Appropriate Education
Importance of Process
Active Learning
Self-Initiated Learning
Individual Learning Needs
Deemphasize Attempts to Make Children Adult like in Their Thinking
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14. Discussion Questions
What Are the roles of assimilation and accommodation in note taking?
What are the implications of Piagetian theory if you were teaching a new concept in your subject area to eighth graders and to seniors?
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15. Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
Key Ideas
Historical and Cultural Contexts
Sign Systems
Cultural Tools
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16. Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
How Development Occurs
Learning Precedes Development
Acquisition of Signs with Help of More Experienced Others
Internalization of Signs
Autonomous Problem Solving (Self-regulation)
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17. Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development
Private Speech
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
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19. Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory
5. Zone of Proximal Development
Zone of Proximal Development—Mentor scaffolds learning and the learner develops new knowledge using developmentally appropriate learning tasks.
ZPD
Student Knows
Learning Goal
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20. Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory
New Task = Mentor + Learner
2. Time Passes = Gradual Release
3. Learner Takes on the Responsibility for learning
Scaffolding
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21. Applications of Vygotsky’s Theory
Provide Cooperative Learning
Activities Among Students with Different Ability Levels
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22. Comparing Piaget and Vygotsky’s Theories
Piagetian Ideas:
Four discrete stages
Cognitive development is limited by stages
Young children are schematic
Motivation to maintain cognitive equilibrium
Development occurs when assimilation is not possible (adaptation)
Vygotsky's ideas:
Continuous development (no stages)
Zone of proximal development
Socially transmitted knowledge (cooperative learning and Scaffolding)
Private speech helps internalize knowledge
Both were constructivists
Both believed that social forces set the limits of development
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23. Write Two Details for Each Theorist
Reflection
Write Two Details for Each Theorist
Piaget
1. ____
2. ____
Vygotsky
1. ____
2. ____
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