1. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
PROTEINS
NUCLEIC ACIDS

2. CARBOHYDRATES Used for energy and structure
Made by plants from water and CO2 during photosynthesis
EXAMPLES:
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

3. Monosaccharides Simple sugars; monomers Examples:
Glucose (corn sugar, “blood sugar”)
Fructose (honey)
Galactose (part of milk sugar & yogurt)

4. Disaccharides (double sugars)
Maltose = glucose + glucose (brewing beer)
Lactose = glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
Sucrose = glucose + fructose (table sugar)

5. Polysaccharides (long chains of sugar) Storage “energy” Structural
Starch in potato cells
Storage “energy”
Starch (plants)
Glycogen (animals)
Structural
Cellulose (plant cells)
Chitin (insects, fungi)
makes up cell walls of plants

6. LIPIDS All are Hydrophobic – “fear of water” Ex. FATS (Triglycerides)
Saturated
Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated

7. Functions of FAT 3. Insulates the body 1. Energy storage
Fat stores twice as much energy as glucose
Fat produces twice as many calories when burned
2. Cushions organs
(to protect from injury)
3. Insulates the body
(to keep you warm) .

8. Types of FAT Saturated Unsaturated Hydrogenated
Solid at room temp
Liquid at room
temp
Solid at rm temp (Liquid oil converted to a solid)
Animal fats: bacon, lard, butter
Oils: olive oil, corn oil, cod liver oil
Margarine, crisco

9. The structure of a FAT:
Energy is found in the bonds and there is so much energy b/c there are so many bonds. That’s why it takes so much work to “burn” fat.

10. An Interesting Fact So, what’s OLESTRA? How come it makes chips
and doritos “fat free”??
Olestra is a synthetic fat - it is very big and bulky. Because it is so bulky, the fat-digesting enzymes (lipases) in our intestines cannot break it down...and it passes through unchanged.

11. PROTEIN Amino acids are the building blocks 20 different amino acids
Proteins (polypeptides) are constructed from these 20 amino acids.
Each protein has a unique three-dimensional shape
That shape allows it to function properly

12. Why do we need protein? What do we eat to get protein?
What we do with the protein once we digest it:
Muscle
Hair
Hemoglobin

13. Functions of Proteins Transport - Hemoglobin transports oxygen
Hormones - Insulin helps regulate blood sugar; HGH helps you grow
Contractile – Muscle protein
Defensive - Antibodies fight infection
Enzymes - Digestive enzymes break down food
Structural – make up hair and nails

14. Denaturation
A protein can be DENATURED by exposure to "harsh" environments such as heat, radiation, UV light.
In these environments, the bonds that hold the protein together break and cause it to unravel
This prevents the protein from functioning
Heat

15. NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA RNA Contains genetic code
What you inherited from you parents
Give instructions to cell
RNA
Helps DNA do it’s job

16. Works Cited www.biology.iupui.edu/.../N100H/macromol.html