Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific

Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Jesse Wolfe, DMHA Advisor Noumea, New Caledonia 2 April 2015

The Challenge 1. Duplication of Efforts 2. Host Nation Fatigue
3. Information Sharing 4. Trust & Transparency 5. Disparate data in multiple domains 6. Seek unity of effect with a diverse group of actors: Affected state Civilian agencies International community NGOs Assisting state militaries In Asia-Pacific the challenge is rapid urbanization along coastal areas. In Pacific Islands the challenge is sea level rise. This leads to increased exposure, vulnerability, and risk. As a result, the HADR mission is a priority for almost every military in the region. SLIDE SHOWS SEA LEVEL RISE HADR operations are the lowest common denominator for all militaries. Many militaries can’t do combined arms maneuver or amphibious operations, but every military is expected to support its government during a disaster response. Increasingly, militaries are also asked to support their neighbors. The challenge therefore is to achieve unity of effect with a diverse group of actors. Affected state US government USAID / OFDA International Humanitarian Organizations

Disaster Anatomy - Definition
Definition: A serious disruption of the functioning of society which poses a significant, widespread threat to human life, health, property or the environment, whether arising from accident, nature or human activity, whether developing suddenly or as the result of long term processes, but excluding armed conflict. – International Federation of the Red Cross From the “Guidelines for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance” (2007) from IFRC. Notice the common characteristics: Serious disruption of the functioning of society Widespread threat to human life, property, environment Caused by natural or man-made hazards A serious disruption of the functioning of society which poses a significant, widespread threat to human life, health, property or the environment, whether arising from accident, nature or human activity, whether developing suddenly or as the result of long term processes, but excluding armed conflict.

Disaster Anatomy - Effects
ANIMATED IMAGE: Shows before and after from Eastern Samar in Philippines four days after Haiyan First two points are identified in the definition. The third and fourth points are added in other definitions and are important points to answer the question why the military cares about disasters. What does a disruption in the functioning of a society look like? Why would we care about a disruption in the functioning of a society; say in the Philippines? Or a negative affect on the economy in Japan following a devastating tsunami? Does it effect the interests of the US? ANS: A disaster has global effects. The effects on the environment, economic system, and political stability, and security are huge. Regional stability can be disrupted by a disaster. Armed conflict is excluded from our definition. When conflict coincides with natural or man-made disasters it is known as a complex emergency. Causes significant loss of life, material, property Causes disruption in the functioning of a society Exceeds ability of the society to cope with or absorb the damage Affects livelihoods and economy; requires prolonged recovery

Disaster Risk Management Cycle
Preparedness Response Military Impact Amalgamation of different sources. We have to look at the entire process the affected nation has gone through in coping with these hazards and threats (this is one model but not the only model). Disaster Management : can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies in all phases of a disaster. To save lives alleviate suffering and protect property, economy and the environment. UNISDR The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. 3. Current disaster model. There are several models with different phases. However the linear model is no longer accepted. The more traditional model is cyclical model has been adopted by most organizations. Promotes coordination between the phases. Promotes longer-term planning and capacity building Critical as disaster-prone areas struck multiple times Think: Ring of Fire in the Pacific – Hazards can remain constant. As you make your way through the cycle, IDEALLY you’ll lesson the impact of the disaster with each turn, reducing risks and building a more resilient society. Sequences of action for the phases may occur simultaneously, concurrently but are not independent of each other 3. Review each phase next. Risk Reduction Recovery Military Impact Military Impact

Response Phase Emergency services conducted in the phase immediately following the onset of the disaster to minimize the hazards created by the disaster. DISASTER Preparedness Response Includes the pre-disaster warning phase, alert phase and immediate impact before the response has begun. Immediate life saving efforts, usually hours from point of impact. Response phase may last for weeks or months. When does the response phase stop?? The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Comment: Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”. The division between this response stage and the subsequent recovery stage is not clear-cut. Some response actions, such as the supply of temporary housing and water supplies, may extend well into the recovery stage. Stop Decline in critical functioning. Response phase deals with immediate life-saving efforts : mobilization of necessary emergency services and first responders in the disaster area. Assessments (We will go into depth following the cycle discussion) Search and rescue Firefighting First Aid / Emergency Medicine Evacuation Sustainment of basic humanitarian needs. Also Mortuary affairs. CLICK - Military support to disaster relief operations occur in this phase. Risk Reduction Recovery

Preparedness Response Recovery Phase The restoration and improvement, where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods, and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. Resettlement of families Repairing infrastructure Establishing enterprise zones Re-establishment of social support network Equitable access to basic needs for all Society is working toward returning to it’s everyday normal routine! Is the society returning to its normal, daily routine? The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. Comment: The recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the emergency phase has ended, and should be based on pre-existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional responsibilities for recovery action and enable public participation. Recovery programmes, coupled with the heightened public awareness and engagement after a disaster, afford a valuable opportunity to develop and implement disaster risk reduction measures and to apply the “build back better” principle. Rehabilitation/recovery of built environment and local infrastructure Employment and livelihoods Primary infrastructure and lifeline facilities-Affected State governmental services back to pre-disaster capacity. Environmental and water resources management Housing Resettlement of families – relocation assistance Within the recovery phase efforts for rehabilitation and reconstruction should start to take place, for example, rebuilding of the damaged building with improved building codes and preparedness polices to address future disasters. First signs of returning to normalcy Children returning to schools (even if temporary ones in displacements camps) – psychologically important to establish daily routine Markets opening back up-Return of market economy. People returning to homes-Return of displaced persons. ASK AUDIENCE for examples - Enterprise zone is a designated zone in a depressed area, esp an inner urban area, where firms are given tax concessions and various planning restrictions are lifted, in order to attract new industry and business to the area. E.g. Can be hastened by post-EQ architectural assessment assuring folks it’s okay. Risk Reduction Recovery

Preparedness Response Risk Reduction Phase Minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid or to limit adverse impact of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. Mitigation: the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Prevention: the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. Adaptation: adjustment in natural or human system in response to climatic stimuli or their effects This phase differs from the other phases because it focuses on long-term measures for reducing or eliminating risk; DRR is "The systematic development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) adverse impact of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development." (U.N. ISDR 2002, 25) : UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction – Hyogo Framework for Action = Comment: A comprehensive approach to reduce disaster risks is set out in the United Nations-endorsed Hyogo Framework for Action, adopted in 2005, whose expected outcome is “The substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and the social, economic and environmental assets of communities and countries.” The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system provides a vehicle for cooperation among Governments, organisations and civil society actors to assist in the implementation of the Framework. Note that while the term “disaster reduction” is sometimes used, the term “disaster risk reduction” provides a better recognition of the ongoing nature of disaster risks and the ongoing potential to reduce these risks. Prevention : preventative measures to avert future disasters e.g. (Planting trees in deforested areas to prevent future mudslides) Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters e.g. (building codes with higher standards – now most are for “Life safety” but switching to Base Isolation buildings which raises design level to limiting damage and functionality). Less interruption for businesses, economic recovery higher. Mitigation and prevention – the society takes measures to prevent future disasters & mitigate the effects of future disasters. Leads to the society being resistant to future disasters. BUILD BACK BETTER – Aim is not to build back as before, but better able to handle the effects of future disasters. BUILDING Resilience. ASK Audience for examples: Earthquake resistant building codes – earthquake valves shuts off gas at seismic activity – “P wave detection technology for Shinkansen (speed train) Japan. Base isolation buildings Floodplain zoning Ex.: Construction of dams, dykes and levees where none existed. Risk Reduction of vulnerabilities and exposure and Revitalization of the affected population. ADAPTATION: The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Comment: This definition addresses the concerns of climate change and is sourced from the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The broader concept of adaptation also applies to non-climatic factors such as soil erosion or surface subsidence. Adaptation can occur in autonomous fashion, for example through market changes, or as a result of intentional adaptation policies and plans. Many disaster risk reduction measures can directly contribute to better adaptation. UNISDR – Glossary of accepted terms Risk Reduction Recovery

Preparedness Phase Society takes active measures to anticipate, ensure effective responses to the most likely disruptive scenario and transition to sustained recovery. Preparedness Response Assessing Risk and Planning: forecasting and taking precautionary measures prior to an imminent threat. Awareness and Education: Realizing the hazards and vulnerabilities exist and can result in future disasters. The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. Comment: Preparedness action is carried out within the context of disaster risk management and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response through to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risks and good linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal institutional, legal and budgetary capacities. The related term “readiness” describes the ability to quickly and appropriately respond when required. Preparedness phase seeks : Train the society to respond; Education / Public Awareness Formalize emergency planning – multi-agency coordination Evacuation drills Practice responses through exercises; Emergency Drills for first responders Establish formalized response teams and procedures; and Formalize emergency management team with roles and responsibilities Establish mechanisms to warn the society of an impending disaster. Warning Systems – sirens – public messages Construct emergency shelters and water storage – stockpile inventory of food and NFI There is also an important new way of thinking of preparedness not only for preparing for the disaster response but also the recovery. FEMA has the national recovery framework which addresses Recovery Support Functions in the areas of: Community Planning and Capacity Building: Federal Emergency Management Agency • Economic: U.S. Department of Commerce • Health and Social Services: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services • Housing: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development • Infrastructure Systems: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers • Natural and Cultural Resources: U.S. Department of Interior Risk Reduction Recovery

Internally Displaced Persons
Affected Population An affected population is a group of people who are directly impacted by a conflict or a disaster. Definition again. Categories of Affected Population Types: Refugees, IDPs, Stateless Persons, Vulnerable Persons Most people think of word “refugees” when they think of disasters, however that term has political and legal meaning. Should be used accurately. Category 1: Refugees Fear being persecuted because of: Race Religion Nationality Membership to social group Political opinion Refugees are unable or unwilling to seek the protection of their country. There are approximately 20,000,000 refugees worldwide Currently, approximately 9 million Syrian refugees alone. Countries have an obligation to: Protect refugees from involuntary return (refoulment) Category 2: Internally Displaced Persons Next group to be discussed are internally displaced persons or “IDPs” DEFINITION: An Internally Displaced Person is “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border”. (Source: “United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement” ) Again, dealing with human beings who were forced to flee their homes. IDPs fled their homes because of: Armed conflict Generalized violence Violations of human rights Natural or man-made disasters To be an IDP, the person must be inside his country of origin. Because the IDP is still inside the sovereign territory of his own country, IDP’s own government and not the international community is responsible for protecting their rights. Category 3: Stateless Persons Stateless have no nationality under either of 2 categories: citizenship based on the citizenship of the parents citizenship based on the place of birth Results: Stateless persons have no home country government to protect their human rights; Therefore, stateless persons must rely on the international community to protect their human rights. UNHCR lead agency dealing with stateless persons. Issues similar to those faced by refugees. Approximately 3.5 million officially known – may be as high as 12 million (some governments do not count stateless persons in their census) – Myanmar Rohingya example Tamils in Sri Lanka Category 4: Vulnerable Persons People who are vulnerable to attack, hardships or undue influence, or have special needs, due to their age, gender, ethnicity, infirmity, or unique situation. For example, we are particularly concerned about women, children and the elderly in most disasters. Vulnerable persons are more acutely affected by: Poverty Environmental hazards Health risks Food insecurity In any response Pay special attention to these groups of people who are least able to protect themselves. Refugees Internally Displaced Persons Stateless Persons Vulnerable Persons People who have a fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership to a social group or political opinion, and are outside their country of nationality. Have been forced to flee their homes to avoid the effects of armed conflict, violence, violation of human rights, or disaster. People who are not considered a national by any state. People who are vulnerable to hardships or undue influence, or have special needs, due to age, gender, ethnicity, infirmity, or unique situation.

Internally Displaced Persons
Affected Population Someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee. Internally Displaced Persons Definition again. Categories of Affected Population Types: Refugees, IDPs, Stateless Persons, Vulnerable Persons Most people think of word “refugees” when they think of disasters, however that term has political and legal meaning. Should be used accurately. Category 1: Refugees Fear being persecuted because of: Race Religion Nationality Membership to social group Political opinion Refugees are unable or unwilling to seek the protection of their country. There are approximately 20,000,000 refugees worldwide Currently, approximately 9 million Syrian refugees alone. Countries have an obligation to: Protect refugees from involuntary return (refoulment) Category 2: Internally Displaced Persons Next group to be discussed are internally displaced persons or “IDPs” DEFINITION: An Internally Displaced Person is “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border”. (Source: “United Nations Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement” ) Again, dealing with human beings who were forced to flee their homes. IDPs fled their homes because of: Armed conflict Generalized violence Violations of human rights Natural or man-made disasters To be an IDP, the person must be inside his country of origin. Because the IDP is still inside the sovereign territory of his own country, IDP’s own government and not the international community is responsible for protecting their rights. Category 3: Stateless Persons Stateless have no nationality under either of 2 categories: citizenship based on the citizenship of the parents citizenship based on the place of birth Results: Stateless persons have no home country government to protect their human rights; Therefore, stateless persons must rely on the international community to protect their human rights. UNHCR lead agency dealing with stateless persons. Issues similar to those faced by refugees. Approximately 3.5 million officially known – may be as high as 12 million (some governments do not count stateless persons in their census) – Myanmar Rohingya example Tamils in Sri Lanka Category 4: Vulnerable Persons People who are vulnerable to attack, hardships or undue influence, or have special needs, due to their age, gender, ethnicity, infirmity, or unique situation. For example, we are particularly concerned about women, children and the elderly in most disasters. Vulnerable persons are more acutely affected by: Poverty Environmental hazards Health risks Food insecurity In any response Pay special attention to these groups of people who are least able to protect themselves. 26.4 million in 2011 28.8 million in 2012 33.3 million in 2013 IDPs outnumber refugees 2 to 1 No single international agency has responsibility for response Estimated 50 million IDPs every year due to natural disasters

“Fog of Relief” Military Forces Disaster Strikes Humanitarian
County Team NGO Disaster Strikes NGO Nat’l NGOs Military Forces NGO Nat’l Red Cross/ Red Crescent Donor Donor Donor Donor NGO NGO Host Govt. Agencies NGO NGO NGO NGO NGOs

AFFECTED STATE PACOM UN, Red Cross Movement, Int’l Organizations, NGOs
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ASSISTING STATES National Disaster Management Organization PACOM US Embassy Logistics Cluster Local Emergency Management Agency (LEMA) Affected State Military JTF Australia Embassy Food Aid Cluster ADF UN, Red Cross Movement, Int’l Organizations, NGOs Multi-National Coordination Center Humanitarian Country Team French Embassy Overview of stakeholders. WASH Cluster NZ Embassy Other Clusters

Affected State Oslo Guidelines APC-MADRO UN-CMCoord Handbook
The Affected State is an independent nation whose sovereignty and integrity shall be respected. The Affected State, is in the lead, but overwhelmed in its ability to manage the response. International relief operations shall be conducted only at the request or consent of the Affected State. The Affected States National Disaster Management structures provide the framework for international response. Effective delivery of humanitarian assistance will: Provide for the needs of the Affected State, with special emphasis on the needs of women, children, and persons most vulnerable; Be consistent with internationally recognized standards; and Be provided by trained personnel with the involvement of the affected population and in a manner respectful of the local customs, religions, and culture. Providing the support the affected state requires and requests is the main effort. Sovereignty consideration Lead for response International assistance conducted at the request of Affected State Oslo Guidelines Guidelines on the Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defence Assets (MCDA) in Disaster Relief Foundation for subsequent civil-military interaction guidelines, even for unsecure environments APC-MADRO Asia-Pacific Regional Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Military Assets in Natural Disaster Response Operations Meet unique regional requirements UN-CMCoord Handbook UN Civil-Military Coordination Officer Field Handbook Help UN-CMCoord Officers deployed by OCHA MNF SOP-HA/DR Annex

Affected State Responders
National Disaster Management Organization Supporting ministries/departments Provincial (state) and local governmental organizations Police Military Slide shows an example of an NDMO. Indonesia BNPB, the national civilian agency responsible for leading disaster response. The BNPB is supported by the military, other civilian agencies, and government ministries. Capacity of NDMO’s will vary from one country to another. Most countries have an NDMO though. Frequently there are significant political divides between nation’s NDMO’s and militaries. Where civilian NDMO’s exist they are usually the lead for response yet have far fewer resources, expertise, and training than militaries. This often results in militaries that acknowledge civilian NDMO as the lead but have little respect for its authority or capabilities. Philippines example: NDRRMC “The Philippines has a well-developed disaster mitigation and response framework that is based on the structure of society. It is a multilayered response framework consisting of a national council-the National Disaster Risk Reduction & Mgmt. Council-and regional, provincial city, municipal and barangay councils. Barangays are the smallest governmental jurisdiction and equate to villages or city neighborhoods. There are extensive plans and each level practices disaster response activities. And due to the prevalence of monsoons, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions and other disasters, the country is experienced in handling many disasters each year.”

Affected State Face of the Disaster
An affected state is more likely to welcome assistance than request it. Almost every country has a National Disaster Management Organization (NDMO). Collaboration between the affected state militaries and the civilian branches of government varies considerably. We want the “face” of the affected state at the forefront. Most affected states are likely to “welcome” rather than “request” international assistance. Acknowledgment for need of international assistance is difficult for any government. Important to be sensitive to this fact when planning and conducting response operations. Wherever possible ensure all actions taken provide an opportunity for affected state government to be the face of the response. Contrast of slide images. In one photo the Affected State is distributing assistance, the other photo focuses on the U.S. Marine. In that image, there were affected state soldiers assisting however, the image was cropped when it was published in the media and it appeared the U.S. Marines were doing the work. Key takeaway is to consider how things look or could look in the media. Put the Affected State authorities in front wherever possible.

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ASSISTING STATES National Disaster Management Organization PACOM US Embassy Logistics Cluster Local Emergency Management Agency (LEMA) Affected State Military JTF Australia Embassy Food Aid Cluster ADF UN, Red Cross Movement, Int’l Organizations, NGOs Multi-National Coordination Center Humanitarian Country Team French Embassy International community. WASH Cluster NZ Embassy Other Clusters

International Community
The international community’s role in disaster response is an evolving beast. Many lessons have been learned….many more remain. Complex. Dynamic. Ordered. Fluid. Note Affected Population as Center of Decision-making.

Complex bureaucracy with many different goals and purposes
Good to know the big picture, but the additional red circles highlight the UN agencies, offices, funds and programmes you are most likely to encounter in an international humanitarian operation. (next slide) UNHCR WFP WHO OHCHR OCHA

Sector or Area of Activity
UN Cluster System Sector or Area of Activity Global Cluster Lead Symbol Food Security UN Food and Agriculture Organization World Food Program Camp Coordination UN High Commissioner for Refugees International Organization for Migration Early Recovery UN Development Program Education UN Children’s Fund Save the Children UK Emergency Shelter UNHCR and International Federation of the Red Cross/Red Crescent Society Emergency Telecommunications UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (owns process), World Food Program (telecoms) Health World Health Organization Logistics World Food Program Nutrition Protection UN High Commissioner for Refugees Water, Sanitation, Hygiene UN Cluster Approach. The UN Cluster Approach is the principle construct, utilized by the international humanitarian community, to facilitate a coordinated humanitarian response to an Affected State. The Cluster Approach ensures predictability and accountability in international responses to humanitarian emergencies, by clarifying the division of labor among organizations, and better defining their roles and responsibilities within the different sectors of response. The UN Cluster Approach designates lead entities to coordinate response efforts for specific mission areas. Requirements are identified by participating organizations, in collaboration with the Affected State, and UN member organizations volunteer to fulfill them. Cluster leads have no authority to assign missions; they must meet requirements using coordination, collaboration, cooperation, and communication.

Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)
A 26 member regional and intergovernmental organization. 7 Technical Divisions Geosciences (SOPAC) Public Health Economic Development Social Development Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Marine Ecosystems Land Resources Statistics Originally founded in 1947 as the South Pacific Commission In 1997 name changed to Pacific Community at 50th anniversary conference 22 Pacific Islands + 4 original founders (Australia, New Zealand, France, and United States) HQ in Noumea; Office in Suva, Fiji Conference of the Pacific Community, which is held every two years, is the governing body of SPC with each member entitled to one vote on decisions. Mission: "develop the technical, professional, scientific, research, planning and management capability of Pacific Island people and directly provide information and advice, to enable them to make informed decisions about their future development and well-being” WHAT DOES THE SOPAC DIVISION DO? The purpose of the SPC Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) is to ensure the earth sciences are utilised fully in order to fulfill the SPC Mission. In the island context the earth sciences comprise geology, geophysics, oceanography and hydrology. To fulfill this, the division has three technical work programs: - Ocean and Islands - Water and Sanitation - Disaster Reduction These three programs share common technical support services: - Natural Resource Economics - GIS and Remote Sensing - Technical Equipment and Services - Data Management - Publications and Library WHAT DOES THE PUBLIC HEALTH DIVISION DO? Surveillance and Operational Research Priorities are those of the network: communicable diseases, especially the outbreak-prone ones. Target diseases include: dengue, measles, rubella, influenza, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, cholera and HIV. New web-based interactive map showing current epidemic and emerging disease alerts in the Pacific region. Develop the technical, professional, scientific, research, planning and management capability of Pacific Island people and directly provide information and advice, to enable them to make informed decisions about their future development and well-being.

Nongovernmental Organizations
NGOs are not part of: Any government The UN The Red Cross/Red Crescent Movement Private humanitarian organizations established by individual charters Diverse in size, structure, motive, resources, function & mission National or international; secular or faith-based Funded by grants or private donations Essential to humanitarian operations: Implementing partners for UN and donor government projects One of the first responders to arrive, last to leave Primary “on-the-ground” humanitarian actors Non-governmental organizations – NGOs. Not part of: Any government; The UN; International organizations; or the Red Cross Movement Private, humanitarian organizations established by individual charter. NGOs are: Very diverse – size, structure, resources, mission & comfort with working with military; National or international; Secular or faith-based; But NOT including missionaries seeking to convert beneficiaries to their faith; Funded by grants from donor governments or private individuals; Essential to HA operations: Implementing partners for UN and donors Often one of first to arrive, last to leave Primary, on-the-ground responders. NGO strengths & weaknesses: Primary weaknesses are lack of collaboration and funding issues. NGOs strongly value their independence Can lead to collaboration and cooperation issues if not properly addressed. NGOs aware of this and working to improve coordination. NGOs never have enough money and are always looking for funding sources to enable them to implement their projects. Primary strengths are sectoral expertise and local knowledge: Experts in the sectoral area wherein they work. Institutional expertise. Rely upon their locally hired staff – local’s knowledge of the environment wherein they operate. Present in-country longer than military responders – often operating in the country for years.

International Red Cross/Crescent Movement
CONFLICT International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) The international Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement consists of 3 distinct entities with 3 distinct roles: The International Committee of the Red Cross – ICRC The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies – IFRC. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is the world's largest humanitarian organization, providing assistance without discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. The IFRC carries out relief operations to assist victims of disasters, and combines this with development work to strengthen the capacities of its member National Societies. The IFRC's work focuses on four core areas: promoting humanitarian values, disaster response, disaster preparedness, and health and community care. The National Red Cross / Red Crescent Societies. The unique network of National Societies - which cover almost every country in the world - is the IFRC's principal strength. Cooperation between National Societies gives the IFRC greater potential to develop capacities and assist those most in need. At a local level, the network enables the IFRC to reach individual communities. The role of the field delegations is to assist and advise National Societies with relief operations and development programmes, and encourage regional cooperation. DISASTER International Federation of Red Cross and Crescent (IFRC) CONFLICT and DISASTER National Societies of Red Cross and Crescent

The Fundamental Humanitarian Principles
HUMANITY Human suffering must be addressed wherever it is found, with particular attention to the most vulnerable in the population, such as children, women and the elderly. The dignity and rights of all victims must be respected and protected NEUTRALITY Humanitarian assistance must be provided without engaging in hostilities or taking sides in controversies of a political, religious or ideological nature. IMPARTIALITY Humanitarian assistance must be provided without discriminating as to ethnic origin, gender, nationality, political opinions, race or religion. Relief of the suffering must be guided solely by needs and priority must be given to the most urgent cases of distress Point of this slide for Health Security Conference: these principles guide humanitarians and define who they are. Hence, it behoves the rest of us to at least be aware of them. Humanity – Save lives and alleviate human suffering wherever it is found. Also seek to protect the health of beneficiaries, ensure respect for the beneficiaries and promote mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace among all peoples. Impartiality – Aid is given in a non-discriminatory manner. Aid is given without regard to a person’s nationality, race, religious belief, class or political opinion. Aid is given on the needs of the beneficiary population and their own abilities / inabilities to meet those needs. Neutrality - Do not take sides in wars, conflicts, hostilities or political, racial, religious or ideological controversies. Aid agencies do not support one side over another Aid agencies do not or decide which side is good or bad or which side is right and who is wrong. Deciding who is good / bad, right / wrong is a political decision and aid agencies are apolitical. Aid agencies do not punish the civilians in need because the military or political decisions of those in control. The last point frequently clashes with military operations in stability operations and counter-insurgencies. Most of you have experience with a carrot and stick approach to getting popular cooperation. A good example is the MajGen Mattis’ intent for the 1st Marine Division in 2003: “No better friend, no worse enemy.” Independence - Aid agencies are not governmental foreign policy instruments. While they must abide by the laws of the governments of the countries where they are established and where they operate: Aid agencies do not actively implement governmental policy; and Aid agencies are not accountable to governments. Rather: Aid agencies implement their own humanitarian agenda; and Aid agencies are accountable to the beneficiaries they serve and their donors. Controversy within HA community on levels of independence amongst some agencies. What support do they accept from the military? INDEPENDENCE Humanitarian action must be autonomous from the political, economic, military or other objectives that any actor may hold with regard to areas where humanitarian action is being implemented

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ASSISTING STATES National Disaster Management Organization PACOM US Embassy Logistics Cluster Local Emergency Management Agency (LEMA) Affected State Military JTF Australia Embassy Food Aid Cluster ADF UN, Red Cross Movement, Int’l Organizations, NGOs Multi-National Coordination Center Humanitarian Country Team French Embassy Here is where we are going. WASH Cluster NZ Embassy Other Clusters

Why Military Assistance?
Expeditionary operational capabilities in austere environments Familiar working with military partners Self-sustaining expeditionary units: Less of a burden Military offers UNIQUE and important capabilities (airlift; water purification; amphibious) Militaries bring some rapidly deployable unique & important capabilities Core Competencies that lend themselves to HA/DR ops : Operating in chaos, contingency planning, assessments (intelligence gathering), security Rapidly deployable even in austere environments Unique and critical capabilities Self-sustaining expeditionary units Familiarity working with military partners

What can the military do?
Unique Capabilities Heavy airlift Air traffic management Engineering / Heavy construction Technical Assistance Relief – water production and utilities Logistics and Supply Medical Search and Rescue Airborne / afloat and ground recon, search / rescue Heavy-lift / aviation assets Camp construction / maintenance Communications support Unique transportation capabilities Engineer / heavy construction Food delivery / distribution Medical Water production & utilities Mortuary affairs – NZDF Demolition – NZDF Feeding responders – NZDF Planning- Contingency planning – Discuss NZDF assisting local DM, police and govt. with planning operations in planning EOC

Considerations for Use of Foreign Military
Advantages Timely unique capabilities Strong organization and discipline Self-sustaining Complex logistics experience and capabilities Disadvantages Perception-not the “face” to present to affected population May not be as culturally knowledgable May create dependencies Adverse impact Expensive Advantages Timely unique capabilities Strong organization and discipline Self-sustaining Complex logistics experience and capabilities Disadvantages Perception-not the “face” to present to affected population May not be as culturally knowledgable May create dependencies Adverse impact Expensive

International Disaster Response
Transition Point Military Need for Assistance International Civilian Relief Another slide used several times throughout the course International Disaster Response Framework. Attempts to depict progression of response effort. Problem with frameworks…simplification. In this case, Simplification of a complex interaction involving civilian governments, international militaries, and international humanitarian organizations. Timeline shows point of Crisis followed by 1. First actors are always the national and local authorities and aid agencies. Green National & local actors first on the scene First dotted line: Response exceeds national & local capacity 2. Next, international civilian humanitarian agencies respond Yellow Second dotted line: Response exceeds capacity of civilian actors 3. Next, international military relief operations begin Red Acute, emergency phase of the operation Fills in gaps in civilian response Third dotted line: Reach peak of response 4. Civilian agencies increase capacity to respond unaided Military begins phasing out operations Fourth dotted line: Transition point - International military leaves - Civilian agencies continue response unaided 5. National and local agencies increase capacity to respond to crisis unaided International agencies begin phasing out operations Fifth dotted line: Transition point: International civilian humanitarian actors leave - Local actors remain caring for the population. Final Point: Response efforts should result in the affected state’s increased capacity to respond to future crises. Lessons learned More resources positioned Enhanced understanding Relationships strengthened Local / National Response Crisis Time Local authorities are primarily responsible for relief aid to their civilians. If the response is done correctly, local capacity is increased to handle future crises.

Types of Military Assistance
Direct Assistance You give me the high-energy biscuit Indirect Assistance You drive the truck to deliver the biscuits to the NGO, let NGO give me the biscuit Infrastructure Support You repair the bridge so the NGO can drive the truck to my village and give me the biscuit To discuss what to coordinate, need to know there are 3 types of assistance: Think: “Biscuit–Truck–Bridge” [Fred Polk, former UN-CMCoord Officer w/ OCHA] 1) Direct assistance – Face to face distribution of goods. “You give me the biscuit” 2) Indirect assistance – At least one-step removed from the population and involves such activities as transporting relief goods or relief personnel. ”You drive the truck to the village so the NGO can distribute the biscuits.” 3) Infrastructure support – Involves providing general services that facilitate relief but are not necessarily visible to or solely for the benefit of the affected population. “You pave the road and rebuild the bridge so the NGO can drive the truck to the village and distribute the biscuits.” WHY restrict military from direct assistance? Humanitarians have the expertise to do direct assistance properly. E.g. Minimize negative side-effects by registration, focus on vulnerable groups… impartiality and neutrality Military experience in OIF and OEF may cause some young officers and NCOs to challenge this dictum (“If not me, then whom?”) DR more permissive, military can be involved in more assistance CE is non-permissive environment -- Higher risk for humanitarian actors and beneficiaries to be visibly associated with military.

Questions? Address: Building 76 456 Hornet Avenue
Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hawaii 96860 Web: Telephone: (808)

Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Tempest Express 26 Disaster Stakeholders in the Pacific"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback