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MOTIVATION & EMOTION
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Motivation Motivation refers to the driving force behind behavior that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others What we want to do How strongly we want to do it
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic perspective ( dual–instinct model) focuses on biological basis (drives) for motivation and includes: Sex Love, lust, intimacy Aggression Aggressive behavior Desire to control other people and the environment
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic theorists have added to more basic drives to Freud’s dual-instinct model of sex and aggression Relatedness to others Self-Esteem
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic theorists have also advanced Freud’s concept of drives to include: Wishes A desired state associated with emotion or arousal Fears An undesired state associated with unpleasant feelings
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Conscious and unconscious motivations Conscious- We are aware of a given motivator Unconscious- Drives behavior but we are not aware of the motivator Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Used to detect unconscious motives Includes a series of ambiguous pictures Participants make up a story about the pictures
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Psychodynamic Perspective
Self-report questions Tap into conscious motives Explicit in nature TAT Taps into unconscious motives Implicit in nature
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Behaviorist Perspective
Theory of Operant Conditioning Focus on drive reduction Drive reduction involves meeting a current need: Hungry - Find food Thirst - Find water
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Behaviorist Perspective
Primary Drives Food-Water-Shelter Reproduction of the species Individual Society Secondary Drives Learned drives Status objects such as type of car, size of house
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Cognitive Theory Expectancy-value theory Goal-setting theory
Actual ability Perceived ability Goal-setting theory Conscious goals for desired outcomes
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Other Motivators Intrinsic motivation Self-determination theory
Suggests we do something due to the enjoyment we receive from doing it Making love Self-determination theory Suggests we have innate motivation for: Competence Autonomy Relatedness
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-Actualization Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological
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Maslow’s Hierarchy The paradox of Maslow’s hierarchy revolves around the fact that to self-actualize one must often place lower order motivations at risk Examples of this paradox include: Moving away from home to go to graduate school Starting your own small business
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ERG Theory Applies Maslow’s hierarchy to the work environment
Suggests that employees are motivated by: Existence Will I still have a job tomorrow Relatedness Do I get along with my co-workers Growth Can I earn a promotion and do more interesting work
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Evolutionary Perspective
Instincts Behaviors that require no learning What seems instinctive in one culture is ignored in another culture Flexibility- The human propensity to come up with novel approaches to solve problems Maximizing inclusive fitness Maximize reproductive success Best genetic mate versus someone you truly love
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Cultural Impact on Motivation
Socioeconomic influences Advertising motivates us to secure certain objects The desire to fit in motivates consumption patterns
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What makes us hungry Biological External Cues
Dropping levels of glucose and lipids in the bloodstream Receptors in the liver and brain send signals to the hypothalamus We become hungry External Cues Time of day Bakery blowing smell of bake goods onto the street
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Eating as a Motivator Metabolism Three phases of consumption
Processes by which the body transforms food into energy Three phases of consumption Absorptive - Ingest food Fasting - Body transforms food into energy Homeostasis – Constant state
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Homeostasis Set point Feedback mechanisms Corrective mechanisms
Optimal level we strive to maintain Feedback mechanisms Provide body with the state of the system Hungry– full Corrective mechanisms Seek to restore system to the set point Encourages us to eat or stop eating Satiety mechanisms Turns off ingestive behavior
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Obesity Defined as 15% or more above the ideal weight for one’s height and age Correlates with socioeconomic status Increased risk for: Heart attack Diabetes (Type II) High blood pressure
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Culture, Gender and Weight
North America is obsessed with thinness More pressure on women to be thin African-American women reported as more satisfied with their weight than white women Negative stereotypes about obese Discrimination based on obesity is still legal
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Sexual Motivation Universal drive that varies in its expression by culture and by individual Reproduction of the species
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Sexual Response Cycles
Excitement Plateau Orgasm Resolution
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Sexual Motivation Organizational Effects Activational Effects
Involves developing circuitry of the brain to perform sexual activity Activational Effects Hormones active brain circuits involved with sexual desire
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Sexual Orientation The direction of one’s enduring sexual attraction
Attitudes towards homosexuality vary widely across cultures and within a given culture Recent research suggests a homosexual orientation is heritable and not a conscious choice
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Psychosocial Motives Need for Relatedness Attachment Motivation
We need to belong to something greater than ourselves Family, social club, group of friends at work Attachment Motivation Desire for physical and psychological closeness (Intimacy) to another person Hugs Affiliation Physical and social interaction with like minded people
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Achievement & Other Agency Motives
Includes: Power Competence Achievement Autonomy Self-esteem
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Need for Achievement The need for achievement varies widely by culture
Performance - Approach Seek to attain a goal (achieve success) Performance – Avoidance Seek to avoid a hazard (avoid failure) Mastery Goals Master a skill such as become an accomplished painter
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Emotion Emotion involves an evaluative response (positive or negative feeling) that often includes some combination of: Physiological arousal Subjective experience Behavioral or emotional expression
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Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Baird Theory
Emotions originate in peripheral nervous system responses that the central nervous system then interprets Cannon-Baird Theory Emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses
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Emotion as a Subjective Exp.
Involves what it feels like to experience a given emotion such as sadness, joy, etc. The subjective experiences of individuals vary widely
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Emotional Expression Refers to the overt behavioral signs of emotion
We use different facial muscles for different emotions Facial expressions not only reflect an motion but also influence the experience of emotion Display Rules Patterns of expression considered appropriate within a given culture
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Basic Emotions Include: Positive Affect (Pleasant emotions)
Fear Anger Happiness Sadness Disgust Positive Affect (Pleasant emotions) Negative Affect (Unpleasant emotions)
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Emotions and the Body Emotional processes are distributed throughout the nervous system Amygdala Involved in evaluating emotional significance Also involved in evaluating other people’s emotions
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Emotions and the Body Emotional reactions appear to follow two distinct neural pathways: A quick response runs from the thalamus to the amygdala and then to the hypothalamus A slower response runs from the thalamus-to the cortex- to the amygdala and then to the hypothalamus Emotional Regulation Refers to our efforts to control emotional states
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Theories on Emotions Psychodynamic Perspective Cognitive Perspective
We can be unconscious of our emotional experience Cognitive Perspective Schachter–Singer Theory suggests that emotion occurs as people interpret their physiological arousal Evolutionary Perspective Emotion plays an important role in communication between members of a species
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