1. Bio 126 Nature Study & Conservation Plants & Fungi

2. Plants: Evolved from green algae Have evolved more terrestrial modes of reproduction. Are the primary producers on land Determine how many animals can be supported in an ecosystem Limited by water, sun, nutrients (like Nitrogen), weather extremes, soil types,etc.

3. Green Algae at seashore

4. Green Algae Have aquatic (swimming) gamete = sperm and egg Lack transport tissues - (like wood) No Xylem – carries water No Phloem – carries sugar No true roots or leaves Some can dry out at low tide

5. Green Algae gave rise to: Mosses and liverworts, which gave rise to: Ferns and related plant groups which gave rise to: Conifers and related plant groups which gave rise to: Angiosperms (flowering plants) which have form two groups: Monocots Dicots

7. Mosses No hard parts (no xylem, no phloem) Still has sperm and eggs (needs a film of water to reproduce) Disperse by spores: single plant cells that can dry out, move in air currents Have no roots or leaves Many can dry out

11. Ferns and related groups Still have sperm and eggs Still disperse with spores Have Xylem, phloem Can grow taller, like tree ferns Can pull water from deep in the soil

16. Gymnosperms - Conifers “naked” seeds – a protected embryo for dispersal, no spores Pollen – male gamete, dry in air - wind Many have needles Some can tolerate very dry, cold conditions Have male and female cones “pine cone” is female cone with seeds Cone size may be linked to seed size Protected, no water needed for fertilization

31. Angiosperms: Flowering plants Coevolved with pollinators Flowers structure evolved to attract, work with pollinators Seeds form inside a fruit Fruit coevolved with dispersal agents: animals, wind

37. The flower Sepals Petals Stamens (male) Anther - pollen Filament Carpel (female) Stigma Style Ovary - fruit Ovule-eggs- seeds

41. Figure 30.13 Flower-pollinator relationships A flower pollinated by honeybees. This honeybee is harvesting pollen and Nectar (a sugary solution secreted by flower glands) from a Scottish broom flower. The flower has a tripping Mechanism that arches the stamens over the bee and dusts it with pollen, some of which will rub off onto the stigma of the next flower the bee visits. (a) A flower pollinated by nocturnal animals. Some angiosperms, such as this cactus, depend mainly on nocturnal pollinators, including bats. Common adaptations of such plants include large, light-colored, highly fragrant flowers that nighttime pollinators can locate. (c) A flower pollinated by hummingbirds. The long, thin beak and tongue of this rufous hummingbird enable the animal to probe flowers that secrete nectar deep within floral tubes. Before the hummer leaves, anthers will dust its beak and head feathers with pollen. Many flowers that are pollinated by birds are red or pink, colors to which bird eyes are especially sensitive. (b)

42. Butterfly Flower

45. Hummingbird

46. Bee flower

53. Fungi

54. Fungal Characteristics: Feed by Absorptive Nutrition Tubular cell shape, called Hyphae Septate or aseptate hyphae Chitin cell walls Reproduce by making spores Sexual & Asexual No sperm or egg

55. Nutrition and Habits Saprobes- decomposers exoenzymes Parasitic fungi- Mutualistic Fungi-

56. Molds – rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi Most also have non-mold sexual stages The mycelia of these fungi grow as saprobes or parasites on a variety of substrates Often breakdown simple sugars etc.

57. Yeasts- unicellular fungi growing in liquid substrates Form new cells by budding Some can sexually reproduce, many form asci Some can ferment sugar to alcohol

58. Mycorrhizae Mutualism of Tree root and fungus. Gives tree water and minerals (desert plants) and fungus gets carbohydrates. Make most of your forest mushrooms

59. Plant growth without mycorrhizae is often stunted

60. Mycorrhizae

61. Pathogenic Fungi Attack plants Rusts -red spores on multiple hosts Smuts –yeast like fungi rot plant Aflatoxins, Ergot –on rye. Attack People – Mycosis Ringworm, athlete’s foot San Joaquin Valley Fever Yeast, lung infections Attack insects, fish, etc.

62. Examples of fungal diseases of plants (a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves (c) Ergots on rye

63. Lichens Symbiosis of Phycobiont, algae / cyanobacteria Mycobiont - fungi. Not individual organisms Primary colonizers of new land in succession, and in tundra areas Soredia asexually reproduce lichen Fungi often reproduce on their own.

64. Fig. 31.17

65. Three growth forms: 1.Crustose – flat on stones 2.Foliose- leaf-like as in picture 3.Fruticose- upright growing Phycobiont in inner layers protected by fungi on top and bottom

66. (a) A fruticose (shrub-like) lichen (b) A foliose (leaf-like) lichen (c) Crustose (crust-like) lichens