1. Chapter 3:
Colonies Take Root

2. A. First English Settlements
England – setting up colonies for new markets and wanting raw materials
Establish Roanoke – try twice, both fail
Jamestown - England’s 1st Permanent settlement
Virginia Company of London formed by rich English people wanting part of America
Fails at first, all businessmen that don’t want to work for colony – just find gold
Powhatan – local natives that give them some food

3. Colonists eventually succeed in Jamestown by growing tobacco
John Smith comes to Jamestown – establishes “he who works not, eats not”
- Raids indians – angers Powhatan
Colony thrives under Smith
When Smith returns to England after being shot, colony suffers, people lazy – “starving time”
Colonists eventually succeed in Jamestown by growing tobacco
Tobacco in great demand in Europe
Begin growing tobacco all over Virginia
House of Burgesses – representative democracy the colonists used in Virginia
Slaves brought from West Indies – could earn their way out of slavery

4. Plymouth Colony – founded by Pilgrims who left Newfoundland colony of Separatists to practice religion
Pilgrim – takes a religious journey
Pilgrims land in Massachusetts after storms blow them off their course
Mayflower – their ship
Mayflower Compact – agreement b/w the men for gov’t. of just and equal laws with offices held by adult males
- 1st document in where American Colonists had claimed right to self-government

5. 1st Thanksgiving – Pilgrims celebrated natives giving them food during first harsh winter there
Pilgrims arrived too late to plant crops
Half colonists died first winter
Natives gave them food/Squanto showed them how to plant seeds/crops and catch eel

6. B. The New England Colonies
Geography of New England – northeastern corner of U.S.
Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine
Hills, mountains, rocky soil (not good for farming)
Winters – long and snowy, summers – short and warm
Puritans – Massachusetts Bay
Wanted to reform Church of England, but were persecuted by King Charles
- John Winthrop – led Puritans establish new colony in Massachusets
- Established several towns (Boston), but didn’t believe in religious toleration (had to practice Puritan religion!!)

7. Roger Williams – founded Providence, in R.I.
Forced to leave Massachusetts Bay b/c he believed natives should be paid for their lands
Believed Puritans should split from Church of Eng.
Received charter and allowed religious toleration
Anne Hutchison – found colony after being put on trial in Boston, expelled from Mass.
Thomas Hooker – minister left Mass. and found town of Hartford in modern-day Connecticut
Small town government – Puritans believed towns & churches manage themselves
Town meetings – males, democratic ideas
New Englanders earned living – farming, fishing, ship building, etc.

8. Puritan influence declines by 1670’s
King Phillip’s War – Metacom (King Phillip) was leader of Wampanoag tribe
Wanted to stop Puritan expansion
Lead raid on many English towns, destroyed 112, lasted 1 year
King Phillip captured and killed, left colonies free to expand through native lands
Puritan influence declines by 1670’s
people born in North America – not as religious
More concerned with running farms, making a living

9. C. The Middle colonies Geography of Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware
Better farming, better soil, better climate, longer growing season
New York – began as New Netherlands/ Dutch settlement
England’s king granted all Dutch holdings to his brother if he could conquer them (1664)
New York becomes English colony/ royal colony
New Jersey – began as proprietary colony, but soon became royal colony from royal charter (1702)

10. Pennsylvania – founded by Quakers (1682)
Quakers – religious group believed they had direct link with God
Believed all people equal in God’s eyes (women)
Against slavery
Refused to pay taxes, persecuted in England
William Penn gets charter for colony in England
Holy Experiment – Penn wanted all different religions to worship peacefully
Printed Frame of Government – assembly/ freedom of religion
Had to purchase land from natives

11. Delaware – originally settled by Dutch, but lost to English when lost New York
Came under Pennsylvania’s charter, but didn’t want to be part of their assembly
Penn granted them own rep. assembly and it became separate colony in 1704
America’s Breadbasket – Pennsylvania’s nickname b/c of amount of crops and wheat produced, N.J alos produce wheat
Manufacturing – flour, paper, iron
Artisans – shoemakers, carpenters, masons, coopers – made barrels for flour
Backcountry – frontier region in Pennsylvania that many Scottish and Irish immigrants settled

12. D. Southern Colonies
Geography of Southern Colonies – south of Mason-Dixon Line (border b/w Maryland and Penn.)
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
Share Tidewater region – coastal, flat lowland with swampy areas
Tidewater region – full of plantations (rice, tobacco, sugar)
Warm climate provides long growing season for tobacco and cotton

13. Virginia – population begins to grow after 1650’s.
Many conflicts with natives as more farmers move into Virginia and claim native land
Nathaniel Bacon – Frontiersman leads group of poorer frontier settlers on rebellion that wanted governor to grant them native lands
Rich white land owners had already bought all good lands
Bacon & followers attacked natives and burned Jamestown to ground
Ended when Bacon died of sickness and followers were hung

14. Maryland – Found by English Catholics
Lord Baltimore – set up assembly and passed Act of Toleration so all Christians could worship in peace
Carolinas – originally established when Virginians kept moving south
Developed separately in North and South, eventually splits into two colonies
Rice production important, Charleston biggest city
Georgia – founded by James Oglethorpe
Wanted a colony for protection from debtors
Also wanted border from Spanish colony in Florida

15. E. Spanish Colonies on Borderlands
Spanish had settled here before English
Most important Spanish colonies in Mexico and S. America
Borderlands – north of Mexico in Florida
Main function was to protect Mexico from other European powers
Missions – main purpose to convert Natives to Christianity
A. Natives worked hard and kept missions running, but were punished harshly and had no freedom in them

16. Junipero Serra began colonizing California as Spanish Missions
Missions established in Arizona and Texas – gave Spain influence in each area
Junipero Serra began colonizing California as Spanish Missions
Spanish colonies threatened by English
A. Spanish colony of Florida promises land in Florida for any escaped African Americans who help defend Florida against English