1. Chapter 3, Section 4
The Southern Colonies

2. Section Essential Question:
What factors influenced the development of the Southern Colonies? 2

3. Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina
Georgia

4. Chesapeake Colonies
Maryland
Virginia
Still considered part of the Southern Colonies

5. Southern Colonies Indentured servants
s.colonies
Southern Colonies
Indentured servants
Slaves to work the large plantations
Had fertile soil
Grew rice, tobacco and cotton
Bigger cities: Charleston, Savannah & Baltimore

6. Geography of the Southern Colonies:
In the 1760s, Charles Mason an Jeremiah Dixon drew the boundary known as the Mason-Dixon line.
It became the line between non-slave northern states and southern states were slavery continued.
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were south of the line. 6

7. Geography of the Southern Colonies:
They shared the Tidewater, a coastal lowland with many swamps.
The warm, humid climate provided a long growing season for tobacco and rice.
Both crops required many field workers which helped spread slavery. 7

8. What conditions in the Southern Colonies favored the development of a plantation economy?
The climate provided a long growing season that farmers used to raise tobacco and rice. Both of these crops required many workers in the field. 8

10. Virginia Grows
After the 1650s, Virginia’s population grew quickly—from 10,000 in 1640 to 40,000 in 1670.
Due to disease and violence, the Native American population shrank.
Tobacco farmers took Native American land, causing two conflicts in 1622 and 1644.
Hundreds of colonists were killed.
The Native Americans were defeated and had to accept English rule.

11. Labor Force
The majority of labor in Virginia was composed of indentured servants both Africans and whites + some African slaves.
By this time African slavery had become an acceptable way of supplementing the labor force.
Because life was difficult Africans and whites often assisted each other to survive.

12. Bacon’s Rebellion ( )
Nathaniel Bacon represents former indentured servants.
Governor William Berkeley of Jamestown

13. Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon was a rich man but not wealthy.
He wanted to rise in the socio-economic ladder of colonial Virginia.
He recognized that the only way this could be achieved was to acquire more land in the western territory from the Native Americans.
As a pretext to try to accomplish these means he requested assistance from the government of Virginia to send troops to assist the back-country communities that bordered Native Americans against provoked raids by Natives.

14. BACON'S REBELLION Involved former indentured servants
Not accepted in Jamestown
Disenfranchised and unable to receive their land
Gov. Berkeley would not defend settlements from Indian attacks

15. Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for rebels
BACON'S REBELLION
Nathaniel Bacon acts as the representative for rebels
Gov. Berkeley refused to meet their conditions and erupts into a civil war.
Bacon dies, Gov. Berkeley puts down rebellion and several rebels are hung
Consequence of Bacon’s Rebellion Plantation owners gradually replaced indentured servants with African slaves because it was seen as a better investment in the long term than indentured servitude.

16. What was the main cause of Bacon’s Rebellion?
The desire for western land. 16

17. Colonization of Maryland

18. Religious Toleration in Maryland
Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
In 1632 George Calvert set up a colony in Maryland where Catholics could live free from discrimination.
When he died, his son Cecil, became owner.
The founding of Maryland:
The founding of the Church of England as the nation’s official church made life difficult for Roman Catholics living there.
Some English Catholics were influential.
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, converted to Catholicism, and it ended his career. He wanted land in America, as a haven for Catholics and for personal wealth.
Calvert founded a settlement in Canada, but it was too cold for him.
He tried to move to Jamestown, but was banned because of his religion.
He asked King Charles for land around Chesapeake Bay.
Calvert died before the land was granted, but his son received the rights and founded Maryland.
Because of clashes between Catholics and Protestants, the Toleration Act was passed to protect the right of all Christians to practice their religion in Maryland.
Photo: Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. Cecil Calvert ( ) was George Calvert's son and heir. In 1632, Cecil became the second Baron of Baltimore and the first Lord of Proprietary of both Avalon and Maryland. From Justin Winsor, ed., Narrative and Critical History of America: English Explorations and Settlements in North America , Vol. III (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1884) 546.

19. Religious Toleration in Maryland (Cont)
Because of tension between Protestants and Catholics, Calvert supported the Act of Toleration in 1649:
It welcomed all Christians and gave adult male Christians the right to vote and hold office.
The Toleration Act did not protect people who were not Christian.
The founding of Maryland:
The founding of the Church of England as the nation’s official church made life difficult for Roman Catholics living there.
Some English Catholics were influential.
George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, converted to Catholicism, and it ended his career. He wanted land in America, as a haven for Catholics and for personal wealth.
Calvert founded a settlement in Canada, but it was too cold for him.
He tried to move to Jamestown, but was banned because of his religion.
He asked King Charles for land around Chesapeake Bay.
Calvert died before the land was granted, but his son received the rights and founded Maryland.
Because of clashes between Catholics and Protestants, the Toleration Act was passed to protect the right of all Christians to practice their religion in Maryland.
Photo: Cecil Calvert, second Lord Baltimore. Cecil Calvert ( ) was George Calvert's son and heir. In 1632, Cecil became the second Baron of Baltimore and the first Lord of Proprietary of both Avalon and Maryland. From Justin Winsor, ed., Narrative and Critical History of America: English Explorations and Settlements in North America , Vol. III (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Company, 1884) 546. 19

20. Who benefited from Maryland’s toleration? Adult male Christians.20

21. Colonies in The Carolinas and Geogia
As a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II granted a huge tract of land between VA and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles in The area became know as Carolina.

22. Colonies in The Carolinas and Georgia (cont)
The northern part developed slowly, because it lacked harbors and rivers for ships.
Settlers lived on small farms and produced tobacco and lumber.
The southern part grew quickly.
Colonist grew sugar cane and rice using slave labor.
As rice production spread, Carolina’s main city Charles Town became the biggest city in the Southern Colonies.
As a result in the development of the northern and southern parts of Carolina it became two colonies. 22

23. Settling South Carolina
Charles town was formed in 1670
Settled by the descendants of Englishmen who had colonized Barbados.
Barbado’s primary export was sugar, and its plantations were worked by slaves.
Initially, the economy was based on trading furs and providing food for the West Indies
By the middle of the 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by African slaves created an economy and culture that resembled the West Indies

24. Georgia
The last of England’s 13 colonies, Georgia was founded for two reasons: 1. The English feared that Spain was about to expand its Florida colony northward James Oglethorpe wanted debtors to have a new start in life instead of going to prison.
He and 20 other trustees received a charter to settle Georgia.
Georgia’s population included former debtors, impoverished British craftspeople, religious refugees from Germany and Switzerland.
Ogelthorpe was a humanitarian and member of English Parliament
The trustees governed but did not own land or expect a profit.
In 1733 he founded city of Savannah, Georgia, with a boatload of colonists.

25. Georgia (cont)
He wanted Georgia to be a colony of small farms, not large plantations.
Slavery was banned, but his restrictions were unpopular with settlers and did not last.
By the 1750, slavery was legal in Georgia.
By 1770 nearly half the population were enslaved African Americans.
Ogelthorpe was a humanitarian and member of English Parliament
The trustees governed but did not own land or expect a profit.
In 1733 he founded city of Savannah, Georgia, with a boatload of colonists. 25

26. Why did Oglethorpe and the other founders establish the colony of Georgia?
To protect English land claims from the Spanish and to give English debtors a place to live. 26

27. Change in the Southern Colonies
During the 1700s, the Southern colonies developed two distinct ways of life.
Plantations dominated the economy in the Tidewater regions.
Tobacco and rice promoted the spread of slavery.
The plantation system divided wealthy landowners from poor people who lived in the backcountry.

28. Change in the Southern Colonies (cont)
The backcountry was cut off from the coast by poor roads and long distances.
Families usually lived on isolated farms.
The families often did not legally own the land they farmed.
Life in the backcountry provided a sharp contrast to life near the coast. As a result backcountry people believed the government did not care about them. 28

29. How did people live in the backcountry?
On small, isolated farmland that they usually did not own. 29

30. Section Focus Question:
What factors influenced the development of the Southern Colonies?
The Southern Colonies capitalized upon the area’s fertile soil and long growing season. 30

31. Spanish Colonies on the Borderlands
Spanish Map of North America, 1563

32. Section Focus Question:
How did the Spanish establish colonies on the borderlands?

33. Spanish Florida Spanish explorers reached Florida in the early 1500s.
In 1513 Ponce de Leon traveled from the Caribbean to North America in search of the Fountain of Youth and a city of gold rumored to exist on the mainland.
His expedition landed near what is today St. Augustine, Florida.
De Leon believed that he was on an island did not realize that he was on a peninsula of the American mainland.
He named the supposed island “La Florida,” which means flowery place in Spanish.
Ponce de Leon’s 1513 route to Florida.

34. Spanish Florida (cont)
Although he was unsuccessful in finding either the fountain of youth or a city of gold, he returned in 1521 to establish a permanent colony, where he was mortally wounded by native inhabitants.
In 1565, Spanish explorers built a fort called St. Augustine to stop France from taking over northern Florida.
It was the first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States.
Spanish control was threatened when English colonies spread southward.

35. Spanish Florida (cont)
In 1693, the Spanish hoped to weaken the English colonies.
They announced that Africans who escaped to Florida would be protected and given land if they defended the colony.
Hundreds of enslaved Africans did so in the 1700s.
Still, by 1763, there were only three major Spanish settlements in Florida.

36. Why did the Spanish colonize Florida?
To protect the area from France

37. Settling the Spanish Border
The most important Spanish colonies were in Mexico and South America.
The purpose of the northern borderlands was to protect Mexico from other European powers.
The borderlands began east of Florida and covered much of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and California.

38. Juan de Onate

39. Juan de Onate in New Mexico
Granted the right to settle and govern a colony named New Mexico from King Phillip II of Spain.
In 1598, he led an expedition into New Mexico by moving 500 Mexican settlers north across the Rio Grande River. Onate claimed the region for Spain.
His aim was to find gold, convert Native Americans to Christianity, and establish a permanent colony.

40. Juan de Onate In New Mexico (Cont)
He never found gold but he established Spain’s first permanent settlement in the region at Santa Fe.
The Spanish used Native Americans to tend their horses, and Native Americans who ran away spread the skill of horseback riding to other.
In 1680, Native Americans in New Mexico rebelled and drove out the Spanish, who did not return for ten years.

41. Missions in Texas and Arizona
To convert Native Americans, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino and other missionaries built mission in Texas and Arizona.
The only early mission that succeeded in Texas was about 150 miles north of the Rio Grande.
It converted few Native Americans did attract colonist.
It became the city of San Antonio.

43. Missions Along The California Coast
Spain began colonizing California in 1769.
Junipero Serra’s first mission later became San Diego, followed by what are now San Francisco, Los Angeles, and other cities.
The Spanish set up almost 20 mission in California between 1769 and 1800.
Soldiers built presidios, or military post, to defend the missions.
They also set up pueblos, or civilian towns centered around a plaza, or public square.

44. What role did missionaries play in Spain’s expanding empire?
Their missions became major cities throughout the Southwest.

45. Life in Spanish Missions
Thousands of Native Americans in Spanish missions farmed, built churches, and learned many crafts.
They worked five to eight hours a day five or six days a week, and did not work on Sundays or religious holidays.
However, the missionaries punished them if they did not follow mission rules
Many were imprisoned, kept in shackles, or whipped.
They often rebelled against the harsh treatment.
Thousands died from the poor living conditions and European diseases.

46. Why did some Native Americans rebel against rules set by missionaries?
They wanted to be in control of their own lives.

47. Section Focus Question:
How did the Spanish establish colonies on the borderlands?
They established missions and presidios in the borderlands to protect Mexico from other European countries.