1. Organizing Your Speech Chapter 11

2.  Organizing your main ideas ▪ There are five organization patterns often used  Chronological ▪ Organization by time from earliest to most recent or opposite ▪ Past -> Present or Present -> Past  How-To Speeches  Sequence or series of steps

3.  Chronological sequence  Points are ordered based on linear time  First to last -> last to first  Example – 1  Making a cake  1 – first step is to mix ingredients  2 – second step is to bake the cake  3 – third step is to decorate the cake  Example – 2  Topic viewed over time “Baseball”  1 – invented as simple game  2 – had a period called "glory days"  3 – became a high profit business  Also Past Present Future

4.  Use logical sequencing when ordering speeches  Make sure that what you say makes sense to the audience  Example 1  How a car engine works  1 – The engine burns the fuel  2 – The exhaust system vents the engine  3 – The ignition system starts the car

5.  Topical ▪ Used when there are natural division in your central idea ▪ Main points can be covered in any order ▪ Points are independent of each other ▪ Controversial topics ▪ Want to think about placement of points in this situation ▪ Complex topics ▪ Consider putting simplest points first

6.  Example # 2 of logical sequencing  When information has no clear logical order to follow  Get audience involved, but save the best for last  1 – Second most interesting point  This will pique their interest and get them listening  2 – Least interesting point  You already got them so they might slip away a little (but their still there)  3 – Most interesting point  You bring them back all the way and go out with a bang

7.  When you are discussing a controversial topic  How do I keep my audience from disconnecting from the beginning?  Important when audience may be hostile  Death Penalty, Abortion, Gun Control  1 – The point audience will agree with most  Audience “Let me see what this speakers talking about”  Get them listening, even if your not really with them  2 – The point audience will agree with somewhat  Audience “Hey buddy, I don’t know if I like where this is going”  Their still listening but maybe more critically  3 – The most controversial point  Audience “I don’t agree with what you’re saying I’m not listening anymore”  Too late, that was my last point, your done listening, well I’m done talking

8.  Organizing your main ideas  Spatial Organization ▪ Points are arranged based on their location or direction ▪ Near to far or East to West ▪ Can be used to discuss a place or object ▪ State or Country  Can be discussed basing main points on landmarks ▪ Earth  Main points can be layers of the earth ▪ Giving directions ▪ Using landmarks to guide person

9.  Spatial Sequence  Points are ordered based on physical location  East/West, top to bottom, left to right  Example – Earths layers  1 – the core of the earth is in the center of the sphere  2 – The earths mantle is the next layer outward from the center  3 – The crust of the earth is on the outside of the sphere  Geographical pattern helps audience see movement from point to point

10.  Organizing your main ideas  Causal Organization ▪ Used to identify a situation then discuss the effect that results ▪ Cause -> Effect  Or opposite Effect -> Cause ▪ Toxic emissions harm the environment ▪ Cause = Toxic Emissions ▪ Effect = Air Pollution ▪ Effect = Damaged Ozone

11.  Organizing your main ideas  Problem / Solution ▪ Organization that shows how to best solve an existing problem  Problem – There has been an increase in crime on campus  Solution – More emergency phones for students  Solution – Security escorts at night  Solution – Security cameras on campus

12.  Subdividing your main ideas  After deciding organization pattern ▪ Identify supporting points for main ideas ▪ I. The county fair has many activities for visitors ▪ There are a variety of games to win prizes  Ball toss….  Shooting baskets… ▪ The many rides will give you hours of fun  The huge Ferris wheel…  The merry go round…

13.  Integrating your supporting material  Once main points and subpoints are organized ▪ Incorporate content from supporting material ▪ Word-processing files ▪ If you are typing out your speech plan/outline ▪ Print out sources ▪ Identify what points information supports ▪ Incorporate the support in your outline to strengthen speech ▪ Photocopies ▪ If supporting material is photocopied ▪ Type information into the speech outline as you develop it

14.  Integrating your supporting material  Note Cards ▪ If you are developing your speech using note cards ▪ Write main points and subpoints  with necessary details on notecards ▪ If main point or subpoint uses info from sources  Write source info on notecard  Place it behind the point it supports

15.  Developing signposts ▪ Transitions, Previews & Summaries  Transitions ▪ Verbal or Non-verbal movement from one point to the next ▪ Verbal Transitions ▪ “In addition to”, ”also” more examples (Pg 104) ▪ Avoid signaling the end of the speech ▪ Saying “In conclusion” or “Finally” ▪ Will incite audience to stop listening

16.  Transitions and signposts  Transitions  Phrases used to connect the major parts of your speech together  Where do you put them?  Intro -> 1 st main point  1 st main point -> 2 nd main point  2 nd main point -> 3 rd main point  3 rd main point -> conclusion  Simple transitions  Introduce what’s coming  Summary transitions  Review previous point  Carry into next point

17.  Previews ▪ Initial previews ▪ Preview of points used in introduction ▪ Internal Previews ▪ Previewing some of the upcoming support for main point claims ▪ “Now that I have discussed some of the plant life, lets take a look at animals that reside there” ▪ Questions as previews ▪ Identifying upcoming points using a question ▪ “Now that we know some of the reasons for increased crime on campus What can we do to solve this problem"

18.  Summaries ▪ Final Summary ▪ Occurs just before the end of the speech ▪ Summarize main points prior to closing statement ▪ “Today I have discussed the wildlife, activities, & nature sights at Yosemite National Park” ▪ Internal Summary ▪ Statements that sum up the information covered to support a main point  "Now that I have shared with you the plantlife and animals in YNP, letts take a look at some of the activities for visitors"