1. 2. Ancient Asian Civilizations
Standard: Identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE.
Essential Question: What were the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE?

2. China
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India

3. India
Element: Explain how geography of the Indian Subcontinent contributed to the movement of people and ideas.

4. India the geography of India is very diverse core regions include:
mountain ranges
river valleys
dry interior plateau
fertile coastal plains

5. Indian Subcontinent
a large area of land that is part of a continent but is also separated from the continent
modern countries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan
Indian subcontinent

6. Indian Mountains
India is separated from the rest of Asia by two major mountain ranges
Himalayas
Hindu Kush
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Indian subcontinent

7. Indian Mountains Himalayas Hindu Kush Impact:
the tallest mountains in the world
Northeast of India
Hindu Kush
Northwest of India
Impact:
mountains protected the Indus valley from invasion
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Indian subcontinent

8. The most well-known mountain pass is the Khyber Pass.
Invaders can only enter the Indian subcontinent over water or through a small number of mountain passes
Khyber Pass
Hindu Kush
Himalayas
Indian subcontinent
The most well-known mountain pass is the Khyber Pass.

9. Indian Rivers Plains stretch south from the mountains
There are three major rivers on these plains
Indus
Ganges
Brahmaputra
Brahmaputra River
Indus River
Ganges River

10. Indian Rivers
Indus: flows southwest from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea
Ganges: drops from the Himalayas and flows eastward across northern India to join the Brahmaputra River as it flows into the Bay of Bengal
link interior to the sea
irrigation and silt

11. India’s Climate Monsoon a wind that changes direction
creates two seasons
also can mean heavy rain
dominates India’s climate

12. India’s Climate Winter or Northeast (November to March)
Brings dry air from mountains
Summer or Southwest (June to September)
Brings wet air from the ocean

13. Indian Societies
Element: Describe the development of Indian civilization to include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.
Vocabulary: Mauryan Empire, Ashoka, Gupta Empire

14. Early Civilizations Description: developed in the Indus River valley
known as Harappan or Indus civilization
3000 to 1500 B.C.
ruins of two dominant cities at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

15. Early Civilizations
Achievement:
planned cities
sewer system

18. Aryans Description: nomadic Indo-European living in central Asia
1500 B.C. moved south across the Hindu Kush

20. Aryans Achievement: excelled at war conquered the Harappans
Magadha: the first Aryan kingdom to control almost all of India
Caste System

21. Caste System Description: hierarchy of classes
determined a person’s occupation, economic potential, and social status
five major classes/castes

23. Major Caste Sudras Untouchables (Pariah/Dalits) most of the population
peasants, artisans, manual labor
had limited rights
Untouchables (Pariah/Dalits)
not considered part of the caste system
5 percent of the population
had an extremely difficult life
performed tasks that other would not accept
not considered human
other classes considered their presence harmful

25. Maurya Empire Rise: 324 to 183 B.C. Unified by Chandragupta Maurya
Overthrew the king of Magaha
Skilled administrator
Developed efficient postal system

27. Maurya Empire Asoka: 269 to 232 B.C.
considered the greatest Indian ruler
converted to Buddhism
governed in accordance with Buddhist ideals

28. Mauryan Empire (321 - 184 B.C.) Achievements:
After the adoption of Buddhism, Ashoka:
Never again went to war
Carved his laws on rocks and placed them throughout the kingdom
Established free hospitals
veterinary clinics
Built roads with rest areas for travelers connected to the Silk Roads

29. Maurya Empire Silk Roads: extensive trade route (about 4,000 miles)
Changan in China to Mesopotamia, then to Antioch, and finally to Greece and Rome
luxury goods from West traded for luxury goods to the East

31. Maurya Empire
Fall:
declined after Asoka’s death in 232 B.C.

32. Gupta Empire Development: AD 320 to the end of the fifth century
Built by Chandragupta I
no relation to Chandragupta Maurya
Called the “Golden Age” of India
Built many Hindu temples
Reached height under Chandragupta II (A.D. 375 – 415)

33. Gupta Empire: Achievements
Folktales & Drama:
Panchantantra – folktales to teach moral lessons through stories of animals
Kalidasa, famous playwright – wrote Shakuntala – about the love between a king and forest maiden

34. Gupta Empire: Achievements
Art and Architecture:
Ajanta Caves
Capital at Pataliputra
Stupas

38. Gupta Empire: Achievements
Astronomy:
Realized earth is round
Mathematics:
Developed principles leading to algebra
Invented concepts of infinity and zero
Devised symbols for 1-9 (“Arabic Numerals”)
Developed a decimal system

39. Gupta Empire: Achievements
Medicine:
Vaccination
Plastic Surgery
Hospital System
Trade:
Arabia (Persia and North Africa) – gems, spices, cotton, teak and ebony
China – silk
Rome – gold

40. Indian Religion
Element: Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism.
Vocabulary: Hinduism, Brahman, atman, Dharma, Karma, Samsara, moksha, Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhism, Nirvana

41. Development of Religion
Mahabharata: an epic Arayan tale that told of the struggle to control the southern portion of India
Krishna: one hero from the epic
Many believe that this struggle is what led the founding of Hinduism and Buddhism

42. \

43. Hinduism Founder: based on Aryan religious beliefs
no single founder, added to over time
Homeland:
India
vast majority of Indian people are Hindus

44. Hinduism God: Brahman = ultimate reality (God)
Hindu gods and goddesses
gave ordinary Hindus a way to express their religious feelings
three chief deities
Brahma the Creator
Vishnu the Preserver
Siva the Destroyer

46. Hinduism Sacred Writings:
Vedas = collections of hymns and ceremonies passed down orally by Aryan priests and later written down
knowledge comes from the Vedas

47. Hinduism: Key Beliefs
Henotheistic – recognize existence of many gods but believe in only one supreme god
Atman
the duty of the individual self
to seek to know this ultimate reality (Brahman)
Fulfilling its duty would allow the soul to merge with Brahman after death

48. Hinduism: Key Beliefs
Dharma: duties you are expected to perform, the ethical way in which you are supposed to behave
Ahimsa: non-violence towards all living things

49. Hinduism: Key Beliefs Reincarnation 500s B.C.
the idea that the individual soul is reborn in a different form after death
after many existences, the soul may fulfill its final goal and unite with Brahman
you may be reborn into a higher or lower caste

51. Hinduism: Key Beliefs Karma an important part in reincarnation
the idea that people’s actions determine:
their form of rebirth
the class into which they are reborn, if they are reborn as a person

52. Hinduism: Key Beliefs caste system
religious basis created by the system of reincarnation
higher caste members worthy of privileges because of good karma
lower classes hoped to improve their social status in future lives if they behaved well in the present

53. Hinduism: Key Beliefs Yoga (“union”)
developed as a practice to achieve oneness with God
seen as a kind of dreamless sleep

54. \ Hinduism: Key Beliefs Aum (or Om)
represents Brahman, everything that is absolute in the universe \

55. Hinduism: Key Beliefs Swastika
Represents everything that is good in the world
Means “it is well” or “may good prevail”
Color: Saffron (Represents fire from Brahman)

57. Buddhism Description: sixth century B.C.
new doctrine appeared in northern India
rivaled Hinduism

58. Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama known as the Buddha
“Enlightened One”

59. Buddhism Founder: Legend:
Born into luxury, became shocked when he drove around in his chariot and saw poverty and sickness
Left wife and newborn son to wander around India at age 29
Lived as hermit for 7 years until finally finding enlightenment

61. Buddhism
Homeland:
Northern India
God:
rejects the idea of a deity

62. Buddhism Sacred Writings: Mahayana Sutras The Tripitaka Ceremonies:
Buddha Day

63. Buddhism: Key Beliefs taught:
the physical realm is an illusion
attachment to worldly things causes suffering
giving up attachments stops suffering
leads to Bodhi (wisdom)
More philosophy than religion, but can be considered both or either

64. Buddhism: Key Beliefs Four Noble Truths:
The truth of suffering (dukkha)
All people suffer and know sadness and sorrow
The truth of the cause of suffering (samudaya)
People suffer because of their material desires
The truth of the end of suffering (nirhodha)
Suffering could end by elimination desires
The truth of the path that frees us from suffering (magga)
By following the Eightfold Path one could eliminate desires

65. Buddhism Purpose: To reach nirvana (enlightenment)
ultimate reality
reunion with the Great World Soul
achieving wisdom is a key step
The Middle Way (eightfold path) is important
Away from extremes
Moderation

67. Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism
Right-coiled White Conch
Dharma Wheel
Precious Umbrella
Auspicious Drawing
Victory Banner
Lotus Flower
Golden Fish
Vase of Treasure

68. Color Symbolism in Buddhism
Blue = coolness, infinity
Black = hate, primordial darkness
White = knowledge, purity
Red = sacred blood, life
Green = balance, harmony
Yellow = earth, renunciation

69. Diffusion of Buddhism The first “great missionary faith”
Spread into Afghanistan by A.D. 1
Spread into China during mid 1st century A.D.
Reached Japan and Korea by A.D. 500

70. Diffusion of Buddhism
Ashoka was the first ruler to send out Buddhist missions to convert other nations, helping the religion spread

71. Diffusion of Buddhism

72. Diffusion of Buddhism
In some places, Buddhism merged with local traditions
Examples:
Zen Buddhism in Japan
Pure Land and Chan Buddhism in China
Buddhism in Vietnam

73. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Japan

74. Buddhism Throughout Asia
China

75. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Vietnam

76. Buddhism Throughout Asia
Thailand
Afghanistan

77. Buddhism v. Hinduism Related to Hinduism Shares belief of:
Karma
(accumulation of good or bad deeds)
Dharma
(but in this case is the teachings of Buddha telling you how to act/live)
Reincarnation
(rebirth)
Differs: Rejection of caste system
taught that all individuals could reach nirvana as a result of their behavior in their current life

78. Chinese Societies
Element: Describe the development of Chinese civilization under the Zhou and Qin.
Vocabulary: Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, Zhou Dynasty, Qin dynasty, Shi Huangdi, autocracy, Great Wall of China, terra cota army

79. Geography of China

80. Geographic China slightly larger than the United States
rich in natural resources (tin, tungsten, coal, iron, copper, lead and aluminum)
Farming a challenge on 2/3 of the land surface
East China is where 96% of population live

81. Demographic China World’s largest population with 1.2 billion
94% are the Han (ethnic group)
6% are comprised of 55 minority groups
80% of the population are farmers
20% live in urban areas

82. Early Chinese Civilizations
BCE
isolation from other emerging centers of culture (Mesopotamia, Egypt & India)
late development
Yangshao began 7,000 years ago in Huang He Valley
Longshan developed 2,000 years later and replaced the Yangshao

84. Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) Description:
China’s first flourishing civilization
ruled from about 1750 to 1122 B.C.emerged from the Longshan culture
ruled for 600 years

85. Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) Development:
believed supernatural forces could help with worldly life
Priests read oracle bones to communicate with the gods

86. Oracle Bones king’s question to the gods was etched on a bone
bone was heated until cracked
Priests interpreted the meaning of the cracks

87. Shang Dynasty (1766-1122 BCE) Achievements: organized government
a system of writing: represented ideas not sounds
making of bronze vessels (made from copper & tin)

89. Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) Description: ruled from 1122 to 256 B.C.
overthrew the Shang dynasty
claimed Mandate of Heaven
rule for 900 years
developed feudalism in China

91. Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) Mandate of Heaven:
Divine (God) approval of the ruler
Heaven/law of nature
kept order in the world through the king
helped make legitimate the dynastic cycles
from beginning to A.D. 1912

92. Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) Mandate of Heaven - How it works:
king expected to rule with goodness and efficiency
following the proper “Way,” or Dao
ruled correctly = gods would be pleased
ruled incorrectly = gods would allow bad harvests and/or other disasters
king could then be overthrown and replaced with a new ruler

93. Dynastic Cycle

94. Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) Dynastic Cycle:
dynasties went through a cycle of change
Pattern of rise, fall and replacement of dynasties
(Rise)a new dynasty would establish its power
(Fall)then begin to decline which lead to rebellions or invasion and end of the dynasty
(Replacement)a new dynasty would begin and start the cycle all over again

95. Zhou Dynasty (1122-256 BCE) Decline: collapse of the Zhou Dynasty
Rulers had difficulty controlling their territory
Nobles gained more power than the ruler
Age of the warring states
a period of instability
Confucius tried to develop a system for good government

97. Qin Dynasty 221 - 206 B.C. Description:
Ying Zheng took the throne in 246 B.C. at age 13
221 B.C. unified a collection of warring kingdoms
took the name of Qin Shi Huang Di—the First Emperor of Qin

99. Terra Cotta Army
 an elaborate mausoleum created to accompany the first emperor of China into the afterlife

100. Qin Dynasty Description: standardized coins, weights, and measures
interlinked the states with canals and roads
credited for building the first version of the Great Wall

102. Great Wall of China concerned with the Xiongnu
a nomadic people
lived north near the Gobi dessert
strengthened a system of walls
some of the original walls remain standing
much of what we know today was actually built 1,500 years after the rule of Shi Huang Di

104. Han Dynasty 202 B.C. – A.D. 221 Description:
lasted over four hundred years
Achievement:
large & efficient bureaucracy
created to handle rapidly increasing population
expanded westward into central Asia and southward into Vietnam
many cultural, scientific, and technological achievements

105. Confucius
Element: Explain the impact of Confucianism on Chinese culture; include the examination system, the Mandate of Heaven, the status of peasants, the status of merchants, and the patriarchal family, and explain diffusion to Southeast Asia, Japan, and Korea.
Vocabulary: Confucius, filial piety, bureaucracy, examination system

106. Family in Ancient China
the basic economic and social unit
a symbol of the social order
Farm Life:
made families important
many people were needed to work the farms

107. Family in Ancient China
patriarchal family:
important to ancient Chinese family life
every member has his or her own place
the needs of the family members comes second to the head male
an important Confucian concept

108. Family in Ancient China
Roles:
Young children worked in the fields
Older sons
expected to undertake physical labor
to provide for their parents
Men
responsible for providing food for their families
governed society
were warriors and scholars
Women
raised children
stayed at home

109. Confucius Kung Fu Tzu (551-479 BCE) a Chinese philosopher
his teachings were recorded and studied by his students
Chinese pupils continued to study Confucius’s teachings until the twentieth century
developed a code of ethical conduct
wrote “The Analects”

110. Confucianism Confucius code of ethical conduct
developed as a result of the time of Warring states after the fall of the Zhou Dynasty
to restore order and moral living in China
society was organized by right relationships
believed that if humans acted in harmony with the universe, then their affairs would prosper

111. Confucianism Dao (Way) - key to proper behavior
careful observance of ancient traditions
reverence for learning
cherishing of honesty
devotion to parents, family, friends and obedient to rule
individual needs second to the needs of family and community
urged people to “measure the feelings of others by one’s own” (Golden Rule)

112. Older & Younger Brother
Relationships
Father & Son
Filial Piety
Older & Younger Brother
Friend & Friend
Ruler & Subject
Husband & Wife

113. Five Constant Relationships
governed everybody
each individual has a duty to all others
relationships:
father & son (filial piety)
husband & wife
older & younger brother
friend & friend
ruler & subject

114. Role of Government
if each individual worked hard to fulfill his or her duties, society would prosper
rulers must set a good example and rule virtuously if society is to prosper
dominate relationship is the family
strong, efficient government begins with the family

115. Examination System
civil service positions were not to be chosen through special or inherited privilege, but through an individual’s own abilities
began in the 6th century
required government officials to pass tests

116. Examination System
exams included civil laws, revenue and taxes, agriculture and geography, military strategies, and classics of Confucianism
led to the development of a bureaucracy - a trained civil service, or those who run the government on day to day bases

117. Social Order “Let the ruler be a ruler, the subject a subject”
supports idea of the Mandate of Heaven
Devine Right Ruler highest class in society

118. Social Order peasants made up the second-highest class
Merchants occupied the lowest class because they merely bought and sold what others had made
social division did not indicate wealth or power
Peasants were still poor and merchants were still rich

119. Diffusion Confucian scholars opposed war and other coercive measures
lead by moral example
not by conquest or conversion
legacy of Chinese regimes in Vietnam(southeast Asia) and Korea
embraced in Japan