1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Terminology and Divisions
start with career stuff…go to wiki and use college board info to further examine careers

2. Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy =
Physiology =
Structure vs function

3. Organization of the Human Body
Axial:
Contains body cavities
Appendicular:
Extremities

4. Body Cavities & Viscera
Body Cavities: Contain and protect viscera
Axial Portion: Two Major Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity

5. Dorsal Cavity: Posterior
Cranial Cavity = Contains Brain
Vertebral Cavity = Contains Spinal Cord

6. Ventral Cavity: Anterior
Thoracic Cavity = Trachea, Bronchi, Heart, Lungs, Esophagus, Thymus Gland
Heart (Pericardial Cavity)
Lungs (Pleural Cavity)
Separated by…
Abdominal Cavity= Stomach, small intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, upper large int., kidneys
Pelvic Cavity = Lower large intestines, bladder, reproductive organs
Separated by….diaphragm
Viscera = organs

7. Organ Systems & Applications in Sports Medicine
Integumentary - Cardiovascular
Skeletal - Lymphatic
Muscular - Respiratory
Nervous Urinary
Endocrine - Reproductive
Digestive

8. Organ Systems: Integumentary
Structures:
Hair
Nails
Skin
Sweat & Sebaceous
Glands
Functions:
Protection
Temperature Regulation
Sensation

9. Organ Systems: Skeletal
Structures:
Bones
Cartilage
Joints
Ligaments
Functions:
Framework
Muscle Attachment
Protection
Blood Cell Production

10. Organ Systems: Muscular
Structures:
Muscles
Tendons
Functions:
Movement
Maintain Posture
Heat Production

11. Organ Systems: Nervous
Structures:
Brain
Spinal Cord
Nerves
Functions:
Sends impulses
Allows for
motor/sensory function

12. Organ Systems: Cardiovascular
Structures:
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Functions
Pumps blood
O2 transport
Waste removal

13. When Referring to a Part of the Human Body…
Anatomical Position
Standardized method of observing the body when referencing anatomical structures
Standing Erect
Facing Forward
Upper Limbs at Sides
Palms Forward

14. Terms of Relative Position
Describe location of a body part in respect to another
Superior/Inferior: Above or below
Anterior/Posterior: Front or back
Medial/Lateral: proximity to midline
Proximal/Distal: proximity to trunk or axial skeleton
Bilateral/Ipsilateral: both sides/same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Superficial/Deep: proximity to surface

16. Anatomical Terminology Lying Down
Supine: Face up or palms up
- Lying on your back
Prone: Face down or palms down
Lying on your stomach
Implications for injuries?
Cervical spine:

17. Body Sections Sagittal: cuts body in half lengthwise (right
and left portions)
Transverse: cuts body in half horizontally (top
and bottom portions)
Coronal: cuts body
into front and back portions
How would this be
useful in medicine?

18. Case Scenario
Athlete comes into the athletic training room complaining of medial knee pain.
What do you think the injury is?
The reality is…you should have no idea

19. Assessing an Injury: HOPS Method
History: Ask patient ?’s to find out what happened
Observation: What you see…
body language, swelling, deformity, discoloration, compare bilaterally
Palpation: “Feeling” or “Touching”
Could notice…
Special Tests: Determine what specific structures are injured: range of motion, muscle testing, stress tests of ligaments, functional tests, etc.
History is very subjective: THE KEY to evaluating an athlete
Sign: OBJECTIVE something you can see, hear, feel or smell (low pulse, swelling, discoloration, bleeding, deformity, etc.)
Symptom: SUBJECTIVE: informaiton provided by the patient: bluryr vision, ringing in ears, fatigue, dizzy, nausea, headachea, pain, stabbing, throbbing, etc.
OPS: are objective: NOTICE leavitt game, girl walks up to me..what do you need, blood pooring down both legs
Observe for: swelling, deformity, echysmosis, symmetry, bilateral comparison, skin tone, way they move, discharge from nose or ears, way they hold their body, etc.
Palpate: touching and feeling the body: start away and start gentle: feel for skin temp crepitus, pt tenderness, bulgre, fracture, spasm, pulse, divot
Special Tests: Range of motion, muscle testing, stress tests of ligaments,, neurological testing, functional testing

20. History: What should we ask?
What happened? (Mechanism)
When did it happen? (Acute vs. Chronic)
What type of pain is it? (radiating/burning, etc.)
- Is there a history of injury to that area
- Sound or sensation at time of injury
- Specific location of pain
- Extent of pain (0-10)
Activities that increase/decrease pain
Did you keep participating?
Impact on daily activities/sport

21. History: What happened?
Mechanism of Injury: (MOI) force which resulted in the injury (push or pull acting on the body)
Yield Point: Elastic limit---injured tissue structures
Axial: Force along long axis of structure (directed at trunk)
Compressive: Squeezing/Crushing force
Tensile: Pulling force
Shear: Sliding against object or body part

22. History: How long has it been hurting?
When specifically did it occur? -Acute vs. Chronic
Acute: Rapid onset/One likely cause
Chronic: Long onset/duration, many potential contributing factors
- Insidious vs. Immediate onset
Examples?
Chronic injuries can persist for months or years
Insidious onset = comes on slowly, no obvious symtpmos or cause

23. History: What type of pain is it?
Somatic: Arises from skin, ligament, muscle or bone
Visceral: Pain from a disease or injury to organ
Will cause other systemic symptoms
Referred: Pain perceived at a different location than site of injury
Radiating: Pain from injury to nerve---pain moves along nerve pathway---”tingling, numbness, burning”

24. Case Scenario: Medial Knee Pain?
Athlete comes into the physician’s office complaining of medial knee pain.
Indicates injury occurred yesterday
at practice
Was hit in the inside portion of the knee with a baseball during practice
No history of injury
No tingling or numbness, no pop, snap, or crack
Minimal swelling
Able to walk, sore to run,
Sore to touch
Pain is a 2/10
Athlete comes into the physician’s office complaining of medial knee pain.
Indicates injury occurred yesterday at practice
Was running around 3rd base, stopped quickly and turned to run back
Felt an immediate “pop”
No history of injury
Moderate swelling medially
Could not continue participating
Was carried off the field
Pain is a 7/10

25. Other Considerations
Indications: A type of treatment that is appropriate for an injury
Contraindications: A type of treatment that is NOT appropriate for an injury
Examples?

26. Anatomic Properties of Skin
First layer of defense/Has 3 layers
Most Superficial = Epidermis
Keratinocytes = skin cells
Provide a barrier
Constant sloughing
Inner Layer = Dermis
Collagen & Elastin Proteins
Contains blood vessels and nerves
Sebaceous Glands
Sweat Glands
Arrector pili muscle
Layer DEEP to dermis = Subcutaneous Fat: Conserve Heat/Shape
Damage to dermal layer vs epidermal layer?
Epidermis: slough off 9 lbs of dead skin cells a year, tens of thousands of cells every days, complete shedding about every 2 weeks, just deep to surface cells are new keratinocytes
Collagen = abundant protein in body (ligaments, tendons, skin, cartilage): gives structure and stability or shape (think collagen injections)
Elastin: protein gives elasticity or stretch: return to normal length after being stretched: teens vs grammy (not a whole lot of bounce back): elastin production ceases following adolescence
Epi = on top of/above
Epidermins: melanin, hair, nails, sebaceous and sweat glands: constantly shedding dead cells(have keratinocytes or skin cells): new cell growth and dead cell sloughing up occur at the same pace so you never don’t have an outer layer of skin, in areas wehre skin is rubbed or pressed regularly you develop calluses (thickened areas): like guitar players
Dermis: thicker
Sebaceous glands, next to hair follicles, secrete sebum, which is a oily matter to lubricate skin and hair: keeps skin water proof and soft
Sebum: most abundant on face, upper neck and chest, prod slows into 20’s…if trapped in pores = acne
Pimples: bacteria from clogged pores, immune system triggers inflammation = pimple
Sweat glands: cooling mechanism: more sweat = more efficient at cooling body (abundant on forehead, neck and back)
High humidity (moisture in air) body can’t cool properly because the sweat can’t evaporate
Arrector pili: contracts with fear and cold, animals use to puff themselves up and it creates a layer of air between skin and hair to keep them warm

27. Skin Injury Classification
Abrasion: Shearing force where skin is scraped against a rough surface
Chafing: Epidermal irritation from pressure or friction
Incision: Split in skin with smooth edges
Laceration: Irregular tear in skin
Puncture: Penetration of skin/tissues
Avulsion: Separation of skin from source
Abrasions cause loss of epidermis and sometimes dermis: nerve endings exposed: painful, bleeding may or may not occur: clean with saline solution, don’t scrub
Chafing: inner thigh: hydrocortisone cream or petroleum: wear spandex: Nipples: common area in men (wearing shirts with rubberized logos)
Laceration: more likely to sever arteries or nerves
Puncture: small entry site but may be very deep, issue of bleeding and infection
Avulsion: completely removed from source: can have avulsion fx

28. Skin Injuries and Treatment
Blister: Repeated shearing force in one or more directions over epidermal layer of skin
Blood can build up if between dermal and epidermal layers
Care?
Regular blister: can cause fluid buildup in epidermal layer of skin: leave epidermal roof intact to prevent infection
Can puncture with a lacerating device, push fluid out, leave epidermal roof to prevent infection: dead cells doesn’t hurt

29. General Skin Injury Care
Irrigate with water/saline
DON’T use hydrogen peroxide or (dilute)
Use topical antibiotic once a day
Keep wound moist----healing---scar?
Avoid scab formation---DON’T PICK
Sutures/dermabonding must be done w/in 24 hours
Hydrogen peroxide does not protect healthy tissue---it kills it and prevents new cell growth