1. November 18, 2013 Ch. 9 Key Issue 1 BW- What is Development??????
Upon answering question, students will review and watch- “The Science of Overpopulation”
-How does this affect development????

2. VACATION Where would we like to go on vacation?
Preferably a popular, yet less-developed destination
What makes this an attractive destination?
Amenities, climate, scenery, food/lodging $
Are the people who live in this place year-round fortunate to live at such a desirable location?
What do the local people depend on for income?
What do the people in this country who do not live in a tourist area do for work?
Can any of these people who want to vacation in the US come? Why/why not?

3. A world divided
The world is divided by relatively rich and relatively poor countries
We will try to understand the reasons for this division and learn what can be done about it
Caribbean island vacation
Who works at the resorts?
What is life like surrounding the resort?
How would you feel?

4. What is Development? November 18, 2013
The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology
More developed countries (MDCs)
AKA developed countries
Lesser developed countries (LDCs)
AKA emerging or developing countries

5. Course Outline VI.Industrialization and Economic Development 13–17%
A.Growth and diffusion of industrialization
1.The changing roles of energy and technology
2.Industrial Revolution
3.Evolution of economic cores and peripheries
4.Geographic critiques of models of economic localization
(i.e., bid rent, comparative costs of transportation), industrial
location, economic development, and world systems

6. Content Area section)
B.Contemporary patterns and impacts of industrialization and
development
1.Spatial organization of the world economy
2.Variations in levels of development
3.Deindustrialization and economic restructuring
4.Globalization and international division of labor
5.Natural resources and environmental concerns
6.Sustainable development
7.Local development initiatives: government policies
8.Women in development

7. ECONOMIC INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
5 factors: Most important GDP
Economic structure, worker productivity, access to raw materials, and availability of consumer goods
GDP PER CAPITA
MDC: $15 per hour
LDC: $2 per hour
GDP: value of the total output of goods & services produced in a country
Divide GDP by population = contribution made by the ave individual toward generating a countries wealth in a year

8. Types of jobs Jobs fall into 3 categories:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Comparing types of economic activities in MDC/LDC
Look at the % of people working in each category
Primary sector: directly extract materials from E
Via farming, mining, fishing, foresting
Secondary: process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products
Tertiary: provision of goods in exchange of $
Retail, banking, law, education, & gov’t

9. Economic indicators of development
Economic activities:
Primary sector
Secondary sector
Tertiary sector: Quaternary, Quinary
The slide shows how economic activities are divided in a country. A less developed country has a higher percentage of primary economic activities, people working in agriculture, subsistence farming. Also, in urban areas and MDCs, More developed countries, there is a higher percentage of tertiary economic activities. This also includes quaternary activities and quinary activities. Sometimes geographers separate these into their own categories but many will keep them as sub-categories of tertiary activities.

10. Productivity
Productivity: value of a product compared to amount of labor needed to make it
Value added: gross value of the product – the cost of raw materials and energy
~$80k US, $70k Japan, $1k China, $500 India
Workers in MDCs produce more w/ less effort
More machines, tools, equipment, etc.
MDC workers are more productive

11. Raw materials Development requires raw materials & energy sources
Iron Ore and Coal help transform UK in late 18th C
Resources depleted, est. colonies to import more
Specific raw materials become important bring dvlpmt
If an LDC has oil, they may develop to an MDC
A country’s abundance of resources=chance of dvlpmt
Exceptions to that rule
Japan, Singapore, S.Korea, and Switzerland
Success through world trade

12. Consumer goods MDC: goods & services devoted to transp & comm.
Vehicles, phones, computers
Helps provide access to jobs & spreads info
More leisure activities available
LDC: Not as concerned with tech. advances
“Haves” and “Have nots”
Spread from urban to rural
Connecting MDCs and LDCs through technology

13. How is development measured?
Social indicators of development
Education and literacy
The literacy rate
Health and welfare
Diet (adequate calories)
Access to health care

14. How is development measured?
Demographic indicators of development
Life expectancy
Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s
Other demographic indicators:
Infant mortality
Natural increase
Crude birth rate

15. Education & Literacy More developed=^quantity and quality the edu.
Quantity=ave # of school years attended
Quality=student/teacher ratio and literacy rate
Literacy rate: % of people who can read/write
MDCs=98% LDC=60%
MDC=10 years in school
LDC=a few
MDC: student/teacher ratio is 2x higher than LDC

16. Student-Teacher Ratios
Students per teacher, primary school level. Primary school teachers have much larger class
sizes in LDCs than in MDCs, partly because of the large numbers of young people
in the population (Also, refer to Fig. 2-15).

17. Persons per Physician
There is a physician for every 500 or fewer people in most MDCs, while thousands of people share a doctor on average in LDCs. Especially in rural areas. Urban areas tend to be much better served.

18. In LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.
Calories per Capita
Daily available calories per capita as percent of requirements. In MDCs, the average person consumes one-third or more over the required average minimum, which accounts for the obesity found in North America and some affluent countries.
In LDCs, the average person gets only the minimum requirement or less.

19. US RANKINGS 1st economically 17th in education 1st in crime
28th math
18th reading
22nd science
1st in crime
1st incarceration
24th homicide
1st obesity
19th democratic freedoms

20. November 19, 2013 MDC v. LDC- Activity
Students will be placed in areas of the room labeled MDC and LDC based on accurate world population percentages.
As a class determine the percentage of the world’s population that lives in each section. Students will be based on an individual country. For example, 2 of the 5 students in MDC might be labeled U.S.A.
Discuss results. Was the outcome what you expected? Any surprises? What does it mean to be developed as a country?

21. Where are MDCs and LDCs Distributed?
More developed regions
North America and Europe
Other MDCs with high HDI = Russia, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand
Less developed regions
Latin America = highest HDI among LDCs
Southwest Asia, Southeast Asia, Central Asia = similar HDI
South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa = low levels of development

22. Location of more/less developed countries
Countries are categorized into 9 regions
Based on their development
Japan and South Pacific aren’t part of the 9
North-south Split
Circle the earth at 30º
Above 30º=MDC (for the most part) South=LDC

23. More and Less Developed Regions
Figure 9-10

24. Today in Class:
Students will color and label on maps, where the MDCs and LDCs are located.
Students will work on worksheet, comparing LDCs and MDCs.

25. More Developed regions
ANGLO-AMERICA (HDI .94)
USA/CANADA
English 1st lang. & most adhere to Christianity
Some cultural tension (race and religion)
Abundance of natural resources (decline of manu)
Leader in financial, mgmt, & high tech services
Big promoter and supplier of entertainment/leisure
World’s most important food exporter

26. More developed regions
WESTERN EUROPE (HDI .93)
Indo-European languages & Christianity
Conflict arise over cultural identities
Competition among nationalities causes WWI & WWII
Influx of Muslims and Hindus spark pop growth
Highest level of development (exclude S Italy, Portugal, Spain and Greece)
Importers of food, energy minerals
Worlds largest and richest economic market

27. More developed regions
EASTERN EUROPE (HDI .80)
Only region to decline since UN created the index in ’90
Declining to Latin American level (LDC) due to communism
“Iron Curtain” 15º E longitude
Initially mass increase in per capita GDP ($100s1000s)
Communism didn’t cater to poor/agricultural societies
Gosplan: 5 year, 3 step economic plan
1st: heavy industry-iron, steel, machine tools, weapons
2nd: disperse production to the east (= development)
3rd: Locate manu facilities near resources, not markets

28. Iron curtain

29. More developed regions
EASTERN EUROPE (HDI .80)
Abandon communist economic structure
Outdated equip, import food, impossible targets,
Lacked basic industry needs: clothes, cars, housing
Eastern Countries bordering W Europe
Easier transition to the market economy

30. More developed regions
JAPAN (HDI .94)
Remarkable development despite natural resources
A world leader in steel prod. yet imports all coal and iron
1 asset: abundance of ppl willing to work for low wages
Sell product overseas for cheaper than domestic co.
THEN specialize in high-valued products: electronics
Spend 2x more on R&D than the U.S.
Rigorous edu & training programs for skilled labor

31. More developed regions
SOUTH PACIFIC (HDI .87)
High HDI but not as relative in global econ.
Smaller pop
Comparable to most other MDC HDIs

32. Bellwork: 11/21
What does Gender Inequality mean?

33. Today in Class: There will be a physical features map quiz of Africa.
Next, we will head to the computer lab to look at HDI information.

34. 11/22- Today in class
Students will work on HDI assignment- referencing cia.gov.

35. Human Development Index: HDI http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/
The Human Development Index, or HDI, has three dimensions and four indicators. It is similar from the index in the past except they have changed the education indicators. It used to have literacy rate and school enrollment but they know now that students will enroll and will not attend. You can see how it has changed now. The expected amount of education attended and what the average actual number is for the country. Also, they used to use GDP per capita. Now they use the Gross national income. This divides the GNP, the total amount of goods and services globally produced by the country divided by the population. These are more accurate indicators…

36. Human Development Index HDI

37. As before, the bottom of the index is monopolized by Less Developed Countries…the top used to be monopolized by Western European countries. Now you can see the difference.

38. HDI only includes income from the formal market
HDI only includes income from the formal market. Reported to the government, pay taxes.
Formal Market: Ecuador
Informal Market: Ecuador

39. Informal Market: Brazil
HDI does not include income from the informal market. Not reported to the government, no taxes paid.
Formal Market: Brazil
Informal Market: Brazil

40. BELLWORK: 12/2
Students will watch TED TALK, what does the Washing Machine symbolize?

42. MODELS of DEVELOPMENT

43. ROSTOW and His Model The work of American Walt W. Rostow
Rostow is an economic historian
Countries can be placed in one of five categories in terms of its stage of growth

44. How do countries develop?
If we can understand how development occurs, strategies can be adopted to help countries to develop

45. STUDENTS Will Create a Matrix of Rostow’s Stages of Development
Traditional Society
Characterised by
subsistence economy – output not traded or recorded
existence of barter
high levels of agriculture and labour intensive agriculture

46. 2. Pre-conditions: Development of mining industries
Increase in capital use in agriculture
Necessity of external funding
Some growth in savings and investment

47. 3. Take off: Increasing industrialisation
Further growth in savings and investment
Some regional growth
Number employed in agriculture declines

48. 4. Drive to Maturity:
Growth becomes self-sustaining – wealth generation enables further investment in value adding industry and development
Industry more diversified
Increase in levels of technology utilised

49. 5. High mass consumption High output levels
Mass consumption of consumer durables
High proportion of employment in service sector

50. Country Analysis and Comparisson

51. Models of Development: Market Based

52. Models of Development Rostow: International Trade Approach
This is the Rostow model of development. The Traditional Society is a basic agricultural society. If you use the U.S. for an example, the traditional society would be when we were a plantation society, the 13 colonies, etc. Pre-conditions for take off would be before our Industrial Revolution in the 1800s. This step is when your country is in stage 2 of the demographic transition model and infrastructure is in the process of construction. Take Off is the Industrial Revolution. Factories are in full-swing, secondary economic activities are in process and manufacturing is widespread. The drive to maturity would be stages 3 where tertiary activities become widespread and the last stage would be stage 4 in the DTM, post-industrial, quaternary and quinary activities are taking place.

53. International Trade Approach

54. Models of Development Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

60. Development through international trade
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons”: Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Semi-Peripheral States
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

61. International Trade Approach

62. Models of Economic Development Wallerstein’s World System Analysis
1. Core: High Income High use of technology High % of tertiary activities High levels of Education by the majority of the population OECD countries G8 2. Semi-Periphery: used to be peripheral states Increased economic development BRICS 3. Periphery: Low Income Low use of technology High % of primary activities Low levels of education by the majority of the population

63. Core and Periphery Model: North South Divide
Many people think the global economy can be divided between the northern and southern hemisphere. MDCs would mostly be in the north and LDCs mostly in the south excluding Australia, New Zealand, and many South Pacific Island countries.

64. BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China South Africa added in G8: Top State economies Canada, France, Germany, Italy, U.K., U.S.(Core) Mexico recently admitted (semi-periphery)
BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and now South Africa. This is an acronym that is used to describe countries with economies that have grown quickly and have become successful in the global community. These are semi-peripheral countries.
G8 are MDCs which also include Mexico. That is why Mexico is not included in BRICS. Please remember these groups are human constructs and then take-off and are used commonly so people incorporate them in political and economic language.

65. BRICS: Semi-Peripheral States

68. Core-Periphery on a national scale
I used these three maps to show core with the high GDP areas, semi-peripheral as middle GDP and peripheral as low GDP. Notice that on all three maps that the core can be in different regions of the country compared to another one. China’s core area is on the south-eastern coast where the Special Economic Zone exists, the semi-peripheral area is the earlier manufacturing area and the periphery is in the rural areas, some where mountains and deserts exist.

69. The core area is where the capital used to exist and the forward district is where the capital was moved to the interior to level out population from the densely populated coastal area. It is Brasilia. The peripheral area in the north has tourism but also a new growth of manufacturing and an oil industry.

70. In Mexico the core areas are based on tourism or maquiladora regions along the coast with the U.S. These are factories that are U.S. owned that used cheaper Mexican labor to assemble goods to transport across the border due to NAFTA.

71. What is being done to increase development now
What is being done to increase development now? United Nations Millennium Development Goals
In 2000 countries came together to develop the Millennium Development Goals through the United Nations. There are 8 goals with many targets to achieve. If you go to this site, click on one of the 8 in the red menu on the right side and you will see all the target goals for each one. These were supposed to be accomplished by It is a global effort.

72. December 3, 2013 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jbkSRLYSojo

73. Students will read article: 12/3
Fair Trade and the Food Movement

74. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through self-sufficiency
Characteristics:
Pace of development = modest
Distribution of development = even
Barriers are established to protect local business
Three most common barriers = (1) tariffs, (2) quotas, and (3) restricting the number of importers
Two major problems with this approach:
Inefficient businesses are protected
A large bureaucracy is developed

75. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Development through international trade
Rostow’s model of development
Examples of international trade approach
The “four Asian dragons”
Petroleum-rich Arabian Peninsula states
Three major problems:
Uneven resource distribution
Increased dependence on MDCs
Market decline

76. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
International trade approach triumphs
The path most commonly selected by the end of the twentieth century
Countries convert because evidence indicates that international trade is the more effective path toward development
Example: India
World Trade Organization
Foreign direct investment

77. Triumph of International Trade Approach
Figure 9-28
Figure 9-27

78. Foreign Direct Investment
Figure 9-30

79. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Financing development
LDCs require money to fund development
Two sources of funds:
Loans
The World Bank and the IMF
Structural adjustment programs
Foreign direct investment from transnational corporations

80. Debt as a Percentage of Income
Figure 9-31

81. Why Do LDCs Face Obstacles to Development?
Fair trade approach
Products are made and traded in a way that protects workers and small businesses in LDCs
Two sets of standards
Fair trade producer standards
Fair trade worker standards
Producers and workers usually earn more
Consumers usually pay higher prices

82. DECEMBER 3, 2013: In- Class Review Day