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History and Approaches of Psychology

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1 History and Approaches of Psychology

2 Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Roots of Psychology Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes Let’s break down the definition: Behavior: Anything that you do that can be observed Mental Processes: Internal experiences such as thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions

3 Psychology as a Science
Psychology was not considered an area of scientific study until the 1870’s when the ideas philosophy and physiology were combined

4 Is Psychology Scientific?
In some areas of psychology (sensation, perception, aspects of learning and memory) there are reliable statistical laws that allow one to make accurate predictions about behaviour In other areas of psychology (interpersonal behaviour, psychoanalytic theory, personality theory, emotion, motivation etc.) there is less predictive power

5 Wilhelm Wundt Founder of scientific psychology
1879: set up first formal research laboratory in Germany 1881: established first psychological journal Focused his studies on consciousness the awareness of immediate experience Wundt is known as a voluntarist because he was interested in volitional behavior.

6 G. Stanley Hall One of Wundt’s students
Vital for bringing psychology to America Founded the American Psychological Association (APA) Started America’s first research laboratory at John’s Hopkins University Began the first journal of psychology in America APA Website

7 Early Research Labs in North America
Cornell University 1891 University of Toronto 1890 Clark University 1889 University of Wisconsin 1888 Harvard University 1892 Wellesley College 1891 Stanford University 1893 University of Iowa 1890 Yale University 1892 Brown University 1892 University of Michigan 1890 Columbia University 1890 University of Nebraska 1889 University of Chicago 1893 University of Pennsylvania 1887 Princeton University 1893 Trenton State College 1892 University of Illinois 1892 Indiana University 1887 Johns Hopkins University 1883 Randolf Macon Women’s College 1893 Catholic University 1891 University of Kansas 1889 Although psychology began in Europe, many research labs began to appear in North American colleges and universities. Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of modern psychology. Many of the early American psychologists were his graduate students. Founded by students of Williams James Founded by students of G. Stanley Hall Founded by students of Wilhelm Wundt Founded by Others

8 EARLY APPROACHES: Structuralism
Established by Edward Titchener (student of Wundt) Task of psychology = analyze consciousness into its basic elements and study how those elements are related Focus on sensations (vision, hearing, touch), feelings, images, and perception Investigations are based on introspection by trained subjects Introspection = careful, systematic self-observation of one’s own conscious experience

9 Early approaches: Functionalism
Created by William James Psychology should investigate the purpose of consciousness, rather than what makes it up Applied Darwin’s theory of natural selection to humans inheritable characteristics that provide humans with a competitive advantage are more likely to be passed on Fostered later development of behaviorism and applied psychology

10 William James Main goal = explain human behavior
1890: Wrote first psychology textbook Principles of Psychology Argued consciousness is a flow of thoughts (stream of conscious)

11 MODERN APPROACHES

12 MODERN APPROACHES Psychoanalytic Behavioral Humanistic Cognitive
Biological Socio-Cultural Evolutionary Posters: Name of perspective Key people Buzz words /key concepts Illustration representing perspective Quote Advantages & disadvantages

13 PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
Sigmund Freud: ( ) worked with mentally disturbed patients; viewed person as being pushed and pulled by unconscious wants & desires (sexual & aggressive in nature) Repression of wants & desires led to mental disorders later in life Developed stages of life to age 12, claimed that an individual would change little after that point (majority of your personality developed by age 5)

14 Suggests people are not the masters of their own minds
PSYCHOANALTIC THEORY: Explains personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior Suggests people are not the masters of their own minds Emphasizes role of conflict in our lives and early childhood experiences Because we cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts find their expression in dreams, slips of the tongue that appear as accidents and even jokes “Freudian Slips” Cause of disorders: Unconscious, unresolved repressed issues from past Treatment technique Psychoanalysis: Free association, dream analysis, TAT test View on personality: Id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages View on motivation: We strive to satisfy our id impulses but we must meet demands of society (super ego)

15 PSYCHOANALTIC THEORY Cause of disorders: Unconscious, unresolved repressed issues from past Treatment technique Psychoanalysis: Free association, dream analysis, TAT test View on personality: Id, ego, superego, psychosexual stages View on motivation: We strive to satisfy our id impulses but we must meet demands of society (super ego)

16 Psychoanalysis: Pros and Cons
Impact of childhood on development Many ideas still used in mainstream psychology Cons: No focus on observable behavior Can’t be scientifically proven Ignores other explanations Doesn’t look at changing behavior, just underlying causes

17 Believe behavior is governed by the environment.
BEHAVIORAL: emphasizes observable behavior (stimulus-response relations) rather than the role of the consciousness. Believe behavior is governed by the environment. Also known as learning theory John B. Watson (1913): Observe & measure behavior (CC human emotional responses) “Little Albert” study (Rosalie Rayner) Father of Behaviorism. Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning. Involuntary behavior = Associative Learning Studied digestion in dogs by measuring saliva creating View of cause of disorders: We are reinforced for maladaptive behaviors. Treatment technique : Change maladaptive behaviors through reinforcements. Systematic desensitization, token economy, aversion therapy View on personality : Our personality traits arise from reinforcement/ punishment View on motivation : We’re driven by extrinsic and intrinsic motivators. B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning. Voluntary behavior Learning due to consequences (reinforcement & punishment). Controlled by rewards = NO FREE WILL

18 BEHAVIORAL THERAPY View of cause of disorders: We are reinforced for maladaptive behaviors. Treatment technique : Change maladaptive behaviors through reinforcements. Systematic desensitization, token economy, aversion therapy View on personality : Our personality traits arise from reinforcement/ punishment View on motivation : We’re driven by extrinsic and intrinsic motivators.

19 Behaviorist Theory: Criticisms
Excludes all behaviors that can’t be seen Not all behaviors can be explained through rewards and punishments Doesn’t acknowledge concept of free will

20 Nature vs. Nurture Controversy
Nature: Certain elementary ideas are innate to the human mind; not gained through experience Men are born, not made Nurture: Anything we know we have learned through experience Men are made, not born

21 Nature or Nurture?

22 HUMANISM: emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their their potential for personal growth Thought the other approaches were “dehumanizing” and suggesting people weren’t masters of their own destinies People have a basic need to continue to evolve and fulfill their potential; many psychological disturbances are due to thwarting these needs Abraham Maslow: MOTIVATION: Hierarchy of Needs, stating that each level of needs must be satisfied before one moves onto the next. Self Actualization: strive to be the best one can. View of cause of disorders: Barriers to self actualization. Ideal self and actual self not in congruence Treatment technique: Client-centered therapy. Self-help, group therapy View on personality : CR said our ideal self must be in congruence with our actual self. View on motivation : Maslow’s hierarchy of needs says basic needs should be met before higher needs Carl Rogers: Focused on the feelings of the client. Unconditional positive regard Fostered a therapeutic approach to therapy: Fully functioning: personal growth, free will, self-determination

23 HUMANISM View of cause of disorders: Barriers to self actualization. Ideal self and actual self not in congruence Treatment technique: Client-centered therapy. Self-help, group therapy View on personality : CR said our ideal self must be in congruence with our actual self. View on motivation : Maslow’s hierarchy of needs says basic needs should be met before higher needs

24 Thoughts impact behavior.
COGNITIVE: refers to mental activity including thinking, remembering, problem solving, decision making, learning & using language. Thoughts impact behavior. Emphasizes the importance of receiving, storing, and processing information “People act because they think.” View of cause of disorders : Irrational thoughts lead to anxiety and depression Treatment technique RET, Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy View on personality Based on how we think and perceive the world. View on motivation Based on goals, reducing cognitive dissonance Jean Piaget: identified 4 stages of cognitive development in children

25 COGNITIVE View of cause of disorders : Irrational thoughts lead to anxiety and depression Treatment technique RET, Beck's Cognitive Behavioral Therapy View on personality Based on how we think and perceive the world. View on motivation Based on goals, reducing cognitive dissonance

26 BIOLOGICAL: behavior can be explained in terms of brain structures and biochemical processes that allow organisms to behave. View of cause of disorders Imbalance of neurotransmitters, genetics, hormones, brain structure Treatment technique Drugs and surgery View on personality Genetics, neurotransmitters hormones View on motivation Genetics, neurotransmitters hormones

27 BIOLOGICAL APPROACH View of cause of disorders Imbalance of neurotransmitters, genetics, hormones, brain structure Treatment technique Drugs and surgery View on personality Genetics, neurotransmitters hormones View on motivation Genetics, neurotransmitters hormones

28 SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH: Examines the cultural differences in an attempt to understand, predict, and control behavior As time progressed more people were traveling and visiting other cultures Psychologists soon recognized the difference in cultural gestures, body language, and spoken language. Lev Vygotsky: those we interact with are responsible for the development of higher order functions. View of cause of disorders Often we mimic our parents or friends’ depression and anxiety. Treatment technique Group therapy View on personality Social Cognitive Theory of Personality View on motivation Compliance and Conformity

29 SOCIO-CULTURAL APPROACH
View of cause of disorders: Often we mimic our parents or friends’ depression and anxiety. Treatment technique: Group therapy View on personality: Social Cognitive Theory of Personality View on motivation: Compliance and Conformity

30 Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
EVOLUTIONARY: Examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for members over the course of many generations Modern extension of functionalism Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. Those organisms best suited to their environments will flourish & pass on genes more successfully than those with poorer adaptations. View of cause of disorders Anxiety was a defense mechanism in wild Treatment technique NA View on personality Extroverts maintain social networks View on motivation Instinct and drive theories Criticisms: Untestable Speculative accounts for obvious behavioral phenomena

31 EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH
View of cause of disorders: Anxiety was a defense mechanism in wild Treatment technique: NA View on personality: Extroverts maintain social networks View on motivation: Instinct and drive theories

32 PROMINENCE OF THEORIES
16 14 Cognitive 12 Behavioral 10 Flagship Articles with Keywords (%) 8 Neuroscience 6 4 2 Psychoanalytic Psychoanalysis developed before behaviorism and behaviorism developed before cognitive psychology. The evidence provided on this graph suggests that behaviorism gave way in terms of quantity of published research several decades ago. The graph may not be so helpful when determining psychoanalysis’ impact on the field because psychoanalysts are less likely to be scientists. 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Year Intro to Psych Crash Course

33 Wooo diploma! Now what??

34 Subfields of Psychology
Clinical Psychologists: Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders Counseling Psychologists: Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle Developmental Psychologists: Study psychological development throughout a lifespan Engineering Psychologists: Do research on how people function best with machines

35 Subfields of Psychology
Educational Psychologists: Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place Forensic Psychologists: Apply psychological principles to legal/criminal issues Health Psychologists: Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social factors associated with health and illness Industrial/Organizational Psychologists: Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace

36 Subfields of Psychology
Neuropsychologists: Explore the relationship between brain/nervous systems and behavior Psychometricians: Focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing psychological data Rehabilitation Psychologists: Help clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from neurological injury School Psychologists: Assess and counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary

37 Subfields of Psychology
Social Psychologists: Focus on how a person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people Sports Psychologists: Help athletes refine their focus on competition goals, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure

38 4.2% Elementary and Secondary Schools
6.3% Business and Government 8.5% Other 19.4% Hospitals and Clinics 28.0% Colleges and Universities The most common setting for psychologists is in private practice. These are obviously clinical or counseling psychologists. Hospitals and clinics are also a common setting for these psychologists. The academic setting is also a common locale for psychologists. 33.6% Private Practice

39 0.9% Clinical Neuropsychology
0.5% Forensic 0.6% Other 0.9% Clinical Neuropsychology 5.2% School 6.1% Industrial/Organizational 14.7% Counseling This graphic, much like 11 shows how many clinical psychologists are employed in the industrialized world. This mirrors the strong demand that is seen for slots in graduate programs in clinical psychology. Clinical psychology programs, excepting veterinary school, is the most difficult graduate program to gain admittance to. 72.1% Clinical

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