1. From Cows to Canola An Introduction to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

2. Traditional Breeding Traditionally, plants and animals with favorable traits have been bred to perpetuate these traits in offspring. + = The pug and beagle have been bred to produce the ‘puggle’, a mixed breed with both pug and beagle traits.

3. Traditional Breeding This has been particularly important in agriculture, where crops and animals are prized for having certain traits.

4. Advances in Breeding Methods Over time, more sophisticated breeding practices emerged, such as mutation breeding. Over time, more sophisticated breeding practices emerged, such as mutation breeding. This is a process in which organisms are exposed to chemicals or radiation. This is a process in which organisms are exposed to chemicals or radiation. This changes their DNA in an effort to produce new desired genetic traits. Mutation breeding (gamma radiation) was used to develop these drought-resistant soybeans.

5. Mutation Breeding MB has been applied for decades to yield products such as: Rio Red grapefruit Rio Red grapefruit Golden Promise Barley (used in fine beers) Golden Promise Barley (used in fine beers) Nearly 200 types of bread wheat Nearly 200 types of bread wheat Beans, lettuce, rice, oats Beans, lettuce, rice, oats

6. How is Genetic Engineering Different? Genetic engineering is a laboratory technique that allows for greater precision and a wider array of possibilities. Genetic engineering is a laboratory technique that allows for greater precision and a wider array of possibilities. For example, genes from one species can now be inserted into another.

7. Example 1: A Golden Opportunity Daffodil and soil bacterium genes were introduced into white rice to produce Golden Rice. White Rice vs. Golden Rice

8. A Golden Opportunity The golden color results from elevated levels of beta- carotene, which boost the nutritional value of the rice. The golden color results from elevated levels of beta- carotene, which boost the nutritional value of the rice. Golden Rice will be grown in places that lack adequate sources of beta-carotene. Golden Rice will be grown in places that lack adequate sources of beta-carotene.

9. Example 2: Antioxidants, Anyone? Genes from the snapdragon flower were incorporated into tomatoes to create this antioxidant-rich fruit.

10. Transferring genes isn’t the only way genetic engineering can be applied. It has other uses, too! For example, genetic engineering allows us to “shut off” genes within an organism so that the products they normally express are not produced. For example, genetic engineering allows us to “shut off” genes within an organism so that the products they normally express are not produced. Gene silencing techniques have been used to lower the allergenicity of peanuts. Meaningful Silence

11. Genetic Engineering: Other Advantages Plants Increased crop yieldsIncreased crop yields Pest resistancePest resistance Environmental tolerance (to drought, extreme temperatures, etc).Environmental tolerance (to drought, extreme temperatures, etc). Virus resistanceVirus resistance Other organisms (animals, fish, etc.): Faster growth rates Faster growth rates Ability to produce valuable proteins in animal milk Ability to produce valuable proteins in animal milk Ability to overcome limited availability of certain resources (eg, rChymosin) Ability to overcome limited availability of certain resources (eg, rChymosin)

12. Example 1: SunUp Papaya The papaya ringspot virus was on course to wipe out the Hawaiian papaya industry. The papaya ringspot virus was on course to wipe out the Hawaiian papaya industry. This prompted the development of the SunUp papaya, which is genetically modified to be resistant to this virus. The SunUp papaya is believed to have rescued Hawaii’s ravaged papaya industry.

13. Example 2: Got Fibrinogen? Fibrinogen is a protein that helps blood to clot. GM cows that secrete fibrinogen in their milk can make this protein widely available to patients who need it. GM cows that secrete fibrinogen in their milk can make this protein widely available to patients who need it.

14. Example 3: GM foods have been a regular part of our diets for years. An estimated ~75% of processed foods in the United States contain genetically modified ingredients. An estimated ~75% of processed foods in the United States contain genetically modified ingredients. Examples include canola oil and rChymosin, an ingredient found in many commercially available cheeses. Examples include canola oil and rChymosin, an ingredient found in many commercially available cheeses.

15. Concerns about GMOs ‘Superweeds’ ‘Superweeds’ Unknown long-term health effects Unknown long-term health effects Allergens transferred to new foods Allergens transferred to new foods ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?  Cross-pollination  Ecosystem disruption  Inadequate regulation  Moral concerns (‘playing God’?)

16. Example: 2S Albumin Pioneer Hi-Bred wanted to boost the nutritional value of its soy-based animal feed. Pioneer Hi-Bred wanted to boost the nutritional value of its soy-based animal feed. It developed GM soybeans containing 2S albumin, a protein from Brazil nuts. It developed GM soybeans containing 2S albumin, a protein from Brazil nuts. 2S albumin is a human allergen, and the allergen was transferred into the beans. 2S albumin is a human allergen, and the allergen was transferred into the beans. Although they were intended solely for animal consumption, Pioneer’s soybeans were not released for use. Although they were intended solely for animal consumption, Pioneer’s soybeans were not released for use.

17. Careful monitoring and testing, regulations, and other factors will all play a role as genetic engineering plays a growing part in our daily lives. The Future Genetic engineering has opened the door to countless possibilities in food, health, and beyond. Genetic engineering has opened the door to countless possibilities in food, health, and beyond. However, each new genetically modified organism brings certain unknowns. However, each new genetically modified organism brings certain unknowns.

18. Review Genetic engineering enables us to do something that isn’t done via traditional breeding or mutation breeding. What is it? Genetic engineering enables us to do something that isn’t done via traditional breeding or mutation breeding. What is it?

19. This GM lettuce carries the insulin gene. It relieves diabetes in mice and holds promise for future applications for humans. Answer: Transfer a Gene from One Species to Another

20. Describe two ways in which the genetic makeup of an organism can be changed via genetic engineering. Review

21. 1. A foreign gene can be added to an organism to create a new trait in that organism. 2. An existing gene within the organism can be “shut off” so that the product it normally expresses is not produced. Review

22. Review What kinds of advantages can genetic engineering impart? What kinds of advantages can genetic engineering impart?

23. Review  Increased crop yields  Increased crop yields  Pest resistance  Faster growth rates  Environmental tolerance (to drought, extreme temperatures, etc).  Virus resistance  The ability to produce important proteins in animal milk  Enhanced nutritional value  Ability to overcome limited availability of certain resources (eg, rChymosin)

24. Review What are some of the concerns people have about genetic engineering? What are some of the concerns people have about genetic engineering?

25. Review Development of ‘superweeds’ Development of ‘superweeds’ Unknown long-term health effects Unknown long-term health effects Allergens transferred to new foods Allergens transferred to new foods  Cross-pollination  Ecosystem disruption  Inadequate regulation  Moral concerns (‘playing God’)

26. Discussion 1. What do you think about genetic engineering? 2. Do you view it as more helpful or harmful? Why? 3. Would you eat foods that you knew were genetically modified? Why or why not? 4. How do you think GM foods should be regulated?

27. Image Citations (by slide number) 1. http://www.cartoonbank.com/2000/We-would-like-to-be-genetically-modiied-to-taste-like-Brussels- sprouts/invt/119426http://www.cartoonbank.com/2000/We-would-like-to-be-genetically-modiied-to-taste-like-Brussels- sprouts/invt/119426 2. http://panzercow.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/pug.jpg, http://www.krittercards.com/images/beagle1.jpg, http://petsworldri.com/yahoo_site_admin/http://panzercow.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/pug.jpghttp://www.krittercards.com/images/beagle1.jpg http://petsworldri.com/yahoo_site_admin/ 3. http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/4f/cb/a6/colorful-vegetables-at.jpg, http://news-libraries.mit.edu/blog/date/2009/01/page/2/http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/4f/cb/a6/colorful-vegetables-at.jpg http://news-libraries.mit.edu/blog/date/2009/01/page/2/ 4. http://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/pnri.php?pnri=nrdhttp://www.pnri.dost.gov.ph/pnri.php?pnri=nrd 5. http://www.texascitrusexchange.com/rio_red_facts.htm, http://www2.science.unsw.edu.au/news/newsArchive.htmlhttp://www.texascitrusexchange.com/rio_red_facts.htm http://www2.science.unsw.edu.au/news/newsArchive.html 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genetic-engineering-wheat.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Genetic-engineering-wheat.jpg 7. http://www.jamesandthegiantcorn.com/2009/11/14/genetically-engineered-crops-rice/http://www.jamesandthegiantcorn.com/2009/11/14/genetically-engineered-crops-rice/ 8. http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=7&secNum=7, http://www.goldenrice.org/Content3- Why/why1_vad.htmlhttp://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/unit/text.php?unit=7&secNum=7http://www.goldenrice.org/Content3- Why/why1_vad.html 9. http://webecoist.com/2009/09/01/10-more-intriguing-genetically-modified-fruits-veggies/http://webecoist.com/2009/09/01/10-more-intriguing-genetically-modified-fruits-veggies/ 10. http://runforlife3.wordpress.com/2009/04/15/peanut-peanut-butter-and-jelly/http://runforlife3.wordpress.com/2009/04/15/peanut-peanut-butter-and-jelly/ 11. http://homegardeningzone.comhttp://homegardeningzone.com 12. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/seed/seeds.asphttp://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/seed/seeds.asp 13. http://news-libraries.mit.edu/blog/date/2009/01/page/2/http://news-libraries.mit.edu/blog/date/2009/01/page/2/ 14. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/12/1206_biotech_brunch/source/5.htm, http://www.seriouseats.com/2007/04/stinky-wine-shops-now-serving.htmlhttp://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/12/1206_biotech_brunch/source/5.htm 16. http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/biotech/safety.htmlhttp://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/biotech/safety.html 19. http://floridatrend.com/article.asp?aID=89695759.8573667.651898.21069602.9810479.224&aID2=50137