1. The Policy of Containment Chapter 26 Section 2 6.0 Notes

2. Objectives… Contrast and compare the leadership styles of President Roosevelt and Truman Explain the overall goal of the Containment Policy Identify and explain the individual components of the Containment Policy Evaluate the success of Truman’s enforcement of the Containment Policy

3. Who would lead the U.S. during the Cold War? President Harry Truman –Honest and willing to make tough decisions –Not in the inner circle –No – nonsense approach with Soviets –Plain speaker

4. Truman taking the oath of office…

5. Truman as President? Time to stop “babying the Soviets” Replaced FDR’s diplomatic advisers with hard-line team Goals: –Maintain U.S. military superiority –Prevent communism from spreading

6. What was the Truman Doctrine? “It must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressure” - HST

7. What was the situation in Greece and Turkey? Greece – civil war Turkey – insurgents coming across the border Great Britain announced withdrawal of economic and military aid to Greece U.S. feared Soviet involvement Senator Vandenberg’s advice to Truman…

8. How and where was the Truman Doctrine applied? $400 million Greece and Turkey Economic and military aid Truman warned the American people of the serious threat to national security posed by Soviet influence Committed the U.S. to the role of world policeman

10. What was the significance of the Truman Doctrine? Generated distrust against the Soviet Union and popular support for the campaign against communism at home and abroad Truman would be able to wield executive power to control legislation – similar to wartime power U.S. declared the right to intervene to save other countries from communist subversion

11. Who was George Kennan? U.S. diplomat in Moscow Said we should draw the line with Moscow Described the inevitability of conflict with the Soviet Union

12. What were the conditions in Europe after WWII? Western Europe in chaos Factories were bombed and looted Refugee – displaced persons camps Winter of 1946-7 – worst in over a century “a rubble heap – a charnel house, a breeding ground for pestilence and hate” - Churchill

14. What was the Marshall Plan? European Recovery Program Secretary of State George Marshall $13 billion in economic aid to 17 countries 1948-1951 Britain, France, and W. Germany received over half Ratified GATT – reduced commercial barriers among member nations and opened trade to U.S.

15. The Marshall Plan becomes law

20. Why should the U.S. give $13 billion in aid? Fear of political consequences of total disintegration of Europe’s economy Aimed at turning back socialist and communist bids for power in northern and western Europe

21. How successful was the Marshall Plan? Created a climate favorable to capitalism Industrial production up 200% 1947- 1952 Standard of living rose Western Europe became a major center of American trade and investment

22. What was Stalin’s reaction? Stalin denounced the plan Said Marshall Plan was an American scheme to rebuild Germany and to bring it into an anti-Soviet bloc

24. What was the Iron Curtain? Winston Churchill – Fulton, Missouri - 1946 Declared the “iron curtain” –New battlefront of the Cold War –Divided the capitalist West from the communist East Stalin called the speech a declaration of war

25. How was Germany treated after WWII? Germany divided into 4 zones –U.S., British, French, and Soviet Berlin divided in the same way 1948 – U.S., G.B., and France combined their zones in Germany and Berlin creating the Federal Republic of West Germany W. Berlin was surrounded by Soviet occupied territory Threatened Stalin closed all highway and rail routes into W. Berlin

26. What was the significance of the Berlin Airlift – Operation Vittles? 2.1 million residents of Berlin had enough food and fuel for 5 weeks America and Britain flew in food and supplies –2.3 million tons of food, fuel, medicine, even Christmas presents –277,000 flights over 327 days

28. “Candy Bomber”

30. Berlin Airlift May, 1949 – Soviet Union gave up –Formed in East Germany a rival government in the German Democratic Republic

31. NATO Blockade increased W. European fears of Soviet aggression April 1949 – 12 members pledged military support to one another in case any member was attacked –U.S., Canada + 10 European nations 1 st peace-time military alliance for the U.S. $1.3 billion in military aid and creation of U.S. bases overseas

32. What policies shaped the Cold War? Truman Doctrine – ideological basis of containment Marshall Plan – economic NATO – military enforcement

33. How was Japan treated after the war? Military occupation – General Douglas MacArthur Interim government  reforms –Land reform –Creation of independent trade unions –Abolition of contract marriages –Women’s suffrage –Demilitarization –Constitutional democracy – barred communists

34. What were the consequences of these reforms? Rebuilt Japanese economy - capitalist Integrated Japan into the anti-Soviet bloc 1952 – Japan received sovereignty and agreed to house U.S. troops and weapons Cultivated new business leaders Japan could not trade with the Soviet Union or later with Red China

35. What about the Philippines? 1946 – formal independence U.S. retained major naval bases U.S. kept influence over Filipino foreign affairs

36. What were the origins of the conflict in China? Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) – Nationalist leader Mao Zedong – Communist leader Civil war for 20 years Jiang supported by the U.S. but corrupt and did not win the favor of the peasants and city dwellers When WWII ended fighting resumed between the nationalists and communists

37. Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi Communist leader Mao Zedong

38. China…. U.S. tried to help negotiate a settlement between the two factions –Advised Jiang to institute reforms –Gave $3 billion in aid to Nationalists Mao had the support of 85% of the people Mid 1949 – majority of Jiang’s troops surrendered Jiang retreated to Taiwan (Formosa)

39. What was the reaction to the “loss” of China? Shock – dismay “the worst defeat the United States has suffered in its history” John Foster Dulles Republicans blamed Truman Truman blamed Jiang Conservatives who thought the future lay in Asia blamed the State Department – said they were “pro-communist”

40. What was our atomic policy? Truman relied on our monopoly of atomic weapons to pressure the Soviets to cooperate After the war many wanted control of atomic power by the U.N. An American plan was submitted and rejected by the Soviets America put aside plans for international cooperation

41. U.S. atomic energy policy? 1946 Atomic Energy Act –Atomic Energy Commission control of all research and development according to strictest standards of national security U.S. stockpiled weapons and conducted tests – 50 bombs Believed Soviets nowhere close to nuclear capability

42. Buster Dog Test, NV

43. Then what happened? August, 1949 – the Soviet Union tested their first A-bomb Then we both tested hydrogen bombs –1000x greater than Hiroshima Stockpiled more bombs and put nuclear warheads on missiles  nuclear arms race “loss” of China + Russian bomb = Hysteria

45. Castle Bravo, Bikini Atoll – March 1956

46. Nuclear Test Sites in the 1950s