1. Chapter 13
Urban Patterns

2. Warm up What is a suburb? Why do people live there?
What are some positives and negatives to suburbs?

4. City VS. Country
Urban Geographers are interested in the where question at two scales.
Geographers examine the global distribution of urban settlements
Also interested in where people and activities are distributed within urban spaces
Models explain why differences occur within urban areas

5. Urbanization: The process by which the population of cities grow
As recently as 1800, only 3% of the Earth’s population lived in cities.
Only one city in the world had a population of more than a million inhabitants. Which one?
London
200 years later:
50% of the earth’s population lives in cities
Nearly 400 cities have at least one million inhabitants
Urbanization has two dimensions
Increase in the number of people living in cities
Increase in the percentage of people living in cities

6. Ancient urbanization
Urbanization dates back to the time of sedentary agriculture, but developed very slowly. Athens and Rome were important urban areas in the ancient world.

7. Urban areas begin to thrive…
During the middle ages

8. Great European cities
Vienna
Emerged in the 1400’s
Prague
Madrid

9. Spanish develop colonial cities
1500’s in the Americas

10. Urbanization takes off in 18th century
Due to Industrial Revolution

11. LDC’s v. MDC’s MDC’s have higher percentages of urban dwellers
LDC’s have larger number of people living in urban areas
These include 7 of the 10 most populous cities: Mexico City, Sao Paulo, and Seoul
These are megacities and are characterized by chaotic urban growth, pollution and poverty
Huge change from 100 years ago when 9 of the
top 10 urban areas were in MDC’s

12. Built environment and social space
Nearly all countries have a political system that recognizes cities as legal entities with fixed boundaries.
In the US, a city that is surrounded by suburbs is sometimes called a central city
The central city and surrounding suburbs are together known as an urbanized area

13. Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
According the US Census Bureau
Metropolitan Statistical Areas…
Include a central city of at least 50,000 people, with high density adjacent counties where the majority of inhabitants work in non-agricultural jobs

14. Micropolitan Statistical area
Includes an urbanized area of between 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants with adjacent counties tied to the city

15. Red=Metropolitan Blue = Micropolitan

16. Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA)
Two or more adjacent MSAs with overlapping commuter patterns
Washington-Baltimore is a CMSA
Within a CMSA, an MSA that exceeds one million people may be classified as a Primary Metropolitan Area (PMSA)

18. Megalopolis
The metropolitan areas of the northeastern US now form one continuous urban complex or megalopolis (from the Greek word meaning “Great City”)
40% of the US population lives between DC and Boston!

19. Megalopolis

20. Denmark?

21. Parking tower in Germany. Why?
In densely populated area so land is at a premium

22. Comparative models of internal city structure
Concentric Zone Model was developed by Burgess, and describes cities that have concentric rings of urban land use emanating outward from a core or central business district (CBD)
The rings each contain different kinds of urban land use and residences become more high class further away from the CBD

24. Characteristics of Concentric Zone en. wikipedia
Characteristics of Concentric Zone en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Burgess
Burgess studied 1920s Chicago to make this model
5 concentric zones
Burgess suggested that immigrants lived in inner zones which caused affluent residents to move farther out
Invasion and Succession
Concentric Zone’s weakness is that it does not allow for change in the city
Concentric Zone does not allow for physical geographic barriers

25. Or, how about this? Pg. 411 Rubenstein

26. The Sector Model
Developed in 1939 by Hoyt, who saw the city developing as a series of sectors rather than rings
Cities have numerous nodes of business and other urban land uses rather than one central core
The sectors often followed transportation lines
Hoyt and Burgess both claimed that social patterns in Chicago supported their model

28. Hoyt Sector Model Late 1930s Answered the drawbacks of Burgess Model
Hoyt said growth created pie-shaped urban structure
Hoyt said his pie-shaped zones could reach from the Core (CBD) to the edge of the city (e.g. low rent sector 3 from CBD to outskirt of city)
Sector Model says that the CBD is not as important as Burgess indicated
Sectors were developed along transport routes (e.g. highways, RRs, etc.)

29. Or, how about this? Pg. 411 Rubenstein

30. The Multiple Nuclei Model
Developed by Harris and Ullman
They believed that cities lack one central core, but instead have numerous nodes of business and cultural activities

31. Ullman

32. Multiple Nuclei
1940s
Harris & Ullman hypothesized the CBD was further losing its dominance
CBD no longer the nucleus of the modern city, thus emergence of ‘nuclei’
Reflects decentralization and then re-nucleation of urban functions
Nuclei are disconnected and do not necessarily rely on each other

33. Or, how about this? Pg. 412 Rubenstein

34. Urbanization over the last 200 years
In MDC’s is a consequence of rural to urban migration to work in factories and services
LDC’s also experienced more recent rural to urban migration in search of economic activities
Urban jobs are much less available in LDC’s

35. Differences in cities
The models help geographers understand where different people live in urban areas and why they live there
Cities in MDCs as well as LDCs exhibit characteristics of these models, but no one city matches any model perfectly

36. Application of models
US Census Bureau divides urban areas into census tracts
These are essentially urban neighborhoods
In European cities wealthier people tend to live closer to the CBD, and there is more suburban poverty
Islamic cities, such as Mecca, were laid out surrounding a religious core

37. Latin American Cities
Griffin and Ford developed a model of a Latin American city which shows the wealthy living close to the CBD
Industrial sectors radiate out from the CBD
The poorest live on the urban fringe in squatter settlements
The latter are known by a variety of names such as barrios

38. Urban Realms Model www.csiss.org
Vance
1980s
Modeled after cities like Atlanta and Los Angeles
Further metamorphosis of multiple nuclei

39. World City Models Latin American City Model

40. World City Models African City Model

41. Problems in the inner city
One of the major physical problems is filtering, which is when houses are subdivided and occupied by successive waves of lower-income people
It can lead to total abandonment
This has caused the inner cities to have a rapidly declining population
Redlining is when banks draw lines on a map to identify areas where they will refuse to loan money, although the Community Reinvestment Act has essentially made this illegal

42. Redlining in Philadelphia

43. Government revitalization plans
Called urban renewal
Helps to revitalize inner-city neighborhoods
Substandard inner-city housing is demolished and replaced with public housing for low-income people
Many of the high rise housing built in the 1950’s and 1960’s have been demolished
Most recently the trend has been to renovate deteriorating houses in the inner-city so that they will appeal to the middle-class
This process is known as gentrification

48. Suburban problems
North American Cities are increasingly following a structure that Harris calls the peripheral model
This consists of an inner city surrounded by growing suburbs that combine residential and business areas and are tied together by a beltway or ring road
Nodes of business and consumer services called edge cities have developed around the beltway
Edge cities have grown from suburbs that were originally primarily residential

49. Suburban Sprawl
In North American urban areas, the further one gets from the center of the city, there will be a decline in the density at which people live
This is called the density gradient
Suburban sprawl has increased at the expense of agricultural land
Several British cities are surrounded by greenbelts, or rings of open space to prevent suburban sprawl
Zoning ordinances, which prevent the mixing of land uses have resulted in segregated residential suburbs

51. Urban Sprawl Has resulted in an increased dependence on transportation
Especially motor vehicles in the US
Public transportation is much more important in most European and Japanese cities
Public transportation in the form of rapid transit is becoming more common in the US, although it’s still not recognized as a key utility that needs to be subsidized

52. Northhampton, England: sharp boundary between urban and rural

53. Political organization of urban areas
Many urban regional problems cannot be easily solved because of the fragmentation of local government.
There are 1,400 local governments in the NY area alone!
Most US metropolitan areas have a council of government, that can do some planning for the entire area
A federation system of government combines the various municipalities of a metropolitan area into a single government. Toronto, Miami and Indianapolis are all examples of this.

54. Smart Growth
Limits suburban sprawl and preserves farmland on the urban periphery
Maryland ranks among the top in the US for smart growth policies

55. Could this be West Street in 2035?

56. Practice FRQ
A larger portion of urban residents in the megacities of the periphery of the world system live in squatter settlements.
Describe a typical location of squatter settlements within urban areas of megacities.
Describe two factors that contribute to the formation of squatter settlements.
Give a detailed account of THREE consequences of the rapid growth of squatter settlements. The three consequences you discuss may be social, economic, political or environmental.

57. Word Bank Continued Egypt Ghana Guinea-Bissau Gambia Guinea
South Sudan
Red Sea
Indian Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Mediterranean Sea