1. ChapterChapter 5 The Human Population Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Environmental Science Tenth Edition Richard T. Wright

2. Current world PopulationCurrent Current US populationCurrent

3. Human Population Growth and the Consequences Human population expansion and its cause Different worlds Consequences of population growth and affluence Dynamics of population growth Students will be able to discuss and show mastery on the above topics

4. Human Population Expansion and Its Cause Reasons for the patterns of growth –Biotic potential exceeds environmental resistance: birth rates exceed death rates There are 7 billion people on Earth If each one stood up, pronounced their name and sat down –It would take 600 years to complete roll call –By 2025 it will take 1,000 years to complete this exercise

5. World Population Over the Centuries 9,000 human beings added to the planet every hour

6. Modeling Population Growth Human Population Growth and Regulation

7. Modeling Population Growth Human Population Growth and Regulation

8. Modeling Population Growth Human Population Growth and Regulation

9. Modeling Population Growth Human Population Growth and Regulation

10. Reasons for the Human Population Explosion Causes of disease recognized Improvements in nutrition Discovery of antibiotics Improvements in medicine Increase in number of women who actually reach child-bearing age Short doubling times in some countries

11. Modeling Population Growth Human Population Growth and Regulation

12. Changing Human Survivorship Curves: Went from B to A % Survival Age BirthDeath A B

13. World Population Growth and Absolute Growth

15. Population Projections Based on Different Fertility Assumptions Maintain fertility rate of 2.6 children/woman Gradual decline in fertility in developing countries. 2.02 children/woman ½ child lower than medium projection ½ child higher than medium projection

16. Average Number of Children, Grandchildren, and Great Grandchildren America West Germany Africa –14 –5–5 –258

17. Different Worlds Rich nations, poor nations Population growth in rich and poor nations Different populations, different problems

18. Major Economic Divisions of the World Gross national income/capita

19. Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross National Income (see Fig. 5-4) High-income, highly developed, industrialized countries –United States, Japan, Canada –Average GNI per capita = $50,666 Middle-income, moderately developed countries –Latin America, South Africa, China –Average GNI per capita = $6,000

20. Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross National Income (see Fig. 5-4) Low-income, developing countries –Western and central Africa, India, central Asia –Average GNI per capita = $454

21. Disparities Developed countries –15% of the world’s population –Control 80% of the world’s wealth Low-income developing countries –37% of the world’s population –Control 3.0% of the world’s gross national income Difference in per capita income: 63 to 1!

22. Tragedy of the commons http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptLQSz dNNd8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptLQSz dNNd8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6RyB HG51VQhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6RyB HG51VQ

23. Dimensions of the Human Poverty Index

24. Different Populations, Different Problems IPAT Formula: calculates human pressure on the environment (I = P x A x T)IPAT Formula –I = environmental impact –P = population –A = affluence and consumptive patterns –T = level of technology in the society

25. Different Populations, Different Problems Environmental impact of developing countries due to “P.” Environmental impact of developed countries due to “A” and “T.” –Both have some measure of “I” for different reasons. –Average American places at least 20 times the demand on Earth’s resources compared to a person in Bangladesh.

26. Different Populations, Different Problems How does stewardship (S) affect the IPAT formula? –S = wildlife conservation, pollution control, energy conservation, and recycling I = P x A x T S

27. Population Increase in Developed and Developing Countries

28. Population Data for Selected Countries (Table 5-2) CountryTotal Fertility Rate Doubling Times (Years) World2.758 Developing Countries 2.947 Developed Countries 1.6700

29. Different Populations, Different Problems Human pressure on the environment caused by three factors –Population size –Affluence –Technology

30. Global Conditions for a Sustainable Population Lower fertility rates (stabilize population) Consumption must decrease Protect the environment (stewardly action must increase

31. Consequences of Population Growth and Affluence The developing countries Affluence

32. Developing or Developed Nations? High fertility rates High consumptive lifestyles: use 80% of world’s wealth Intense poverty Eat high on the food chain

33. Developing or Developed Nations? Long doubling times High environmental degradation Twenty percent of the world’s population

34. Basic Human Needs Drinkable water Edible food Safe housing Health care An education A job

35. The Developing Countries Reform the system of land ownership Intensify cultivation of existing land to increase production per unit area Open new land to farm Move to cities and seek employment Engage in illicit activities for income Move to other countries How do these “solutions” aggravate the problems?

36. Growing Cities

37. Consequences of Exploding Populations in the Developing World

38. Consequences of Exploding Populations More Population Causes MORE LESS deforestation resource depletion loss of agricultural land biodiversity disease pest resistance population migration irrigation wetlands

39. Affluence in the United States Consume the largest share of 11 or 20 major commodities Eat more than three times the global average in meat Lead the world in paper consumption Environment improves with increasing affluence

40. Affluence in the United States Enables wealthy to clean up immediate environment by transferring waste to more distant locations Affluent isolate themselves and unaware of the environmental stresses caused by their consumptive lifestyles

41. Dynamics of Population Growth Population profiles Future populations Population momentum The demographic transition http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6pcRR 5Uy6whttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6pcRR 5Uy6w rule of 70

42. Population Profile United States

46. Population Profile of Italy

47. Population Profile Italy

48. Population Projections United States Increased fertility rate of 2.0 and current migration Fertility rate of 1.8

49. Population Profile Developing Country

51. Population Momentum Effect of current age structures on future population growth Determined by percent of population in younger versus older age cohorts

52. Population Momentum It will take countries with a large base of younger population a long time to achieve stability. Countries like Iraq will continue to grow for 50-60 years even after the total fertility rate is reduced to replacement level.

55. Calculating Fertility Rates and Doubling Times (CBR - CDR)/10 = Rate of Increase or decrease in population per 1000 per year 70/ Rate of Increase = Doubling TimeRate

58. Phases of Demographic Transition Phase I: primitive stability (CBR = CDR) Phase II: declining CDR, CBR remains high accelerating population growth Phase III: declining fertility rate, but significant population growth continues Phase IV: modern stability with low CBR and CDR

59. Demographic Transition Comparisons (Figure 5-17) Phase IV: developed countries Phases II and III: developing countries

60. In the Year 2000 65 out of 117 countries will not be able to feed their own people One billion people will be living in cities that cannot support their inhabitants 400 million more women will be in need of child spacing services

61. In the Year 2000 (continued) 600 million new jobs will need to be created for new entrants into the workforce We will need twice as much fresh water 300 million additional children will need teachers, books, and classrooms nature's way.wmv

62. The World in Balance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ANMP YYkkF0http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ANMP YYkkF0

63. End of Chapter 5 PPT by Clark E. Adams