1. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Michael Hall 2 Psychosocial Health: Being Mentally, Emotionally, Socially, and Spiritually Well

2. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives Define psychosocial health in terms of its mental, emotional, and social components, and identify the basics traits shared by psychosocially healthy people. Consider how each of the internal and external factors that influence psychosocial health may affect you. Discuss the positive steps you can take to enhance psychosocial health. Discuss the dimension of spirituality and the role that it plays in health and wellness. Discuss the mind–body connection and show how emotions influence health status.

3. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Objectives (continued) Identify and describe common psychosocial problems of adulthood. Describe different types of anxiety disorders and their key risk factors. Discuss warning signs of suicide and actions that can be taken to help a suicidal individual. Explain the goals and methods of different types of health professionals and therapies.

4. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Defining Psychosocial Health Encompasses the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health Basic elements of psychosocially healthy people: Feel good about themselves Feel comfortable around other people Can control tension and anxiety Can meet the demands of life Can curb hate and guilt Can maintain a positive outlook Enrich the lives of others Cherish the things that make them smile Value diversity Respect nature

5. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.1 Psychosocial Health Figure 2.1

6. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mental Health: The “Thinking” You Mental health refers to the “thinking” part of psychosocial health Ability to reason, interpret and remember Intellectually sort through info., attach meaning and make decisions Think rationally with accurate perceptions of events Includes values, attitudes and beliefs about your body, family, your relationships, and life in general

7. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Emotional Health: The “Feeling” You Emotional health refers to the “feeling” side of psychosocial health Healthy= able to respond in a stable, appropriate manner to upsetting events Emotions – intense or complex patterns of feelings Four types: Resulting from harm, loss, or threats Resulting from benefits Borderline emotions such as hope and compassion Complex emotions such as grief, disappointment, bewilderment, and curiosity

8. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Social Health: Interactions with Others Social health – includes your interactions with others and ability to adapt to social situations Two factors of social health Social bonds or linkages– reflect level of closeness and attachment with others Social support – networks of people and services Healthy= wide range of social interactions and ability to listen, express themselves, form healthy relationships and act in acceptable and responsible ways

9. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spiritual Health: An Inner Quest for Well-Being Spirituality – refers to a belief in some unifying force that give meaning to life Four themes addressed by spirituality: Interconnectedness Practice of mindfulness Spirituality as a part of daily life Living in harmony with our community

10. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 2.3 Four Major Themes of Spirituality Figure 2.3

11. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spirituality: A Key to Health and Wellness The spiritual factor of well-being is achieved when four basic needs are satisfied: The need for having The need for relating The need for being The need for transcendence R. Sloan, E. Bagiella, and T. Powell, “Religion, Spirituality, and Medicine,” The Lancet, (1999): 664-672

12. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors That Influence Psychosocial Health External factors: The family The wider environment Social bonds Internal factors: Self-efficacy Self-esteem Learned helplessness Learned optimism Personality Life span and maturity

13. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Psychosocial Health Where are you on this continuum ???

14. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Enhancing Psychosocial Health Build self-esteem and self-efficacy Find a support group Complete required tasks Form realistic expectations Make time for you Maintain physical health Seek help when necessary

15. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Sleep: The Great Restorer Purpose of sleep: Conservation of energy Restoration: neurotransmitters replenished Sleep problems: Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep, frequent arousals during night, early morning awakening Sleep apnea Breathing stoppage during night causing a rise in blood pressure and low oxygen supply in blood

16. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Adequate Sleep Can Improve Health Methods to conquer sleeplessness Correct things that are bothering you Don’t drink alcohol or smoke before bedtime Avoid eating a heavy meal before bedtime Avoid caffeine at night Mid-afternoon nap Get daily exercise but not within 3 hours of bed Spend an hour or more relaxing before bedtime

17. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Mind–Body Connection Connection between emotions and health.? Improved immune function through expression of emotions and laughter Subjective well-being: HAPPINESS Satisfaction with present life Relative presence of positive emotions Relative absence of negative emotions Decreases depression and stress. Increases T-cell function in the immune system and social cohesion

18. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings When Psychosocial Health Deteriorates Mental illnesses – disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors Depression: Over 20 million Americans/year Risks include genetic history, environment, situational triggers, poor behavioral skills, and brain-body chemistry Women suffer from depression nearly two times the rate of men (8–11% men to 19–23% women) Selected populations experience depression more than others, e.g., children, the elderly, adolescent girls, and homosexual youth

19. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Symptoms of Depression Lingering sadness or despair Inability to find joy in pleasure-giving activities Preoccupied with failures, over-concern with what people think Diminished or increased appetite Fatigue or loss of energy Sleep too much or too little Loss of sex drive or close interactions Withdrawal from family and friends Feeling agitated, hopeless or worthless Thoughts of life not worth living, death and/or suicide

20. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Treating Depression Cognitive therapy: Help patients look at life rationally Interpersonal therapy: Help correct relationship problems Antidepressant drugs Relieve symptoms in nearly 80% of chronic depressives However consider side effects, realistic need, and person prescribing the drug Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Associated with permanent memory loss

21. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders Obsessive Compulsive: affects 5 million people Obsessive thoughts or habitual behavior, possibly due to chemical imbalance Anxiety disorders: affects 19 million adults/13 million youth Persistent feelings of threat and anxiety about everyday problems of living Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) Panic disorders Phobias Post-traumatic stress

22. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Disorders Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)-(Winter blues) Associated with reduced exposure to sunlight Treated with light therapy, psychotherapy, stress management, sleep restriction, and meds Schizophrenia Alteration of senses; inability to sort out stimuli and respond appropriately; altered sense of self; radical changes in emotions, movements and behaviors May not be able to function in society Treatable but not curable

23. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gender Issues in Psychosocial Health Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) – depression, irritability, and other symptoms of increased stress typically occurring just prior to menstruation and lasting 1 to 2 days Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) – more severe case of PMS; presents at least 5 symptoms of PMS for 7 to 10 days, with at least one symptom being serious enough to interfere with home or work functions

24. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Suicide: Giving Up on Life Each year >35,000 reported suicides in the U.S. Often results from poor coping skills, lack of social support, lack of self-esteem College students are more likely to attempt suicide Risk factors include family history of suicide, previous suicide attempts, excessive drug or alcohol use, prolonged depression, financial difficulties

25. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Warning Signs of Suicide Recent loss of loved one Change in personality Change in behavior Diminished sexual interest Expressions of self-hatred Change in sleep patterns Change in eating habits Direct statement about attempting suicide Final preparations, e.g., writing a will Preoccupation with themes of death Drastic mood swings Marked changes in personal appearance Excessive risk taking

26. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Mental Health Professionals Psychiatrist: medical doctor, can prescribe meds Psychologist: PhD trained in various therapies Psychoanalyst: recalling early traumas that have blocked growth Clinical/Psychiatric social worker: Masters degree and 2 years experience in clinical setting Counselor: Usually Masters degree in counseling focusing on one type of counseling Psychiatric nurse specialist: Nurse with specialty in psychiatry

27. Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 2.4 Traditional Forms of Psychotherapy: Assumptions, Goals, and Methods Table 2.4