Rise of Western Europe Medieval Europe.

Rise of Western Europe Medieval Europe

Background Lasted 500 – 1500 500 – 100 political decentralization and backwardness 1000 – 1300 period of revival 1200s onward, certain parts of Europe (Italy) experienced the Renaissance (cultural rebirth) Concept of Europe as a single civilization joined by a common heritage and Christian religion took greater shape 1300 – 1500 crisis and advancement social unrest, constant warfare, Black Death Renaissance began

Reasons for Feudalism and the Manor System
End of Roman Empire Declining prosperity led small landowners to sell their land to owners of large estates Invasions Vikings from Scandinavia led to a need for protection Political decentralization No single ruler was strong enough to provide Europe with a central authority Monarchs did not have the power, money, or military strength to govern their lands effectively

Feudalism Political, social, economic system
Nobles/landlords offered benefices (privileges) to vassals in exchange for military service in lord’s army or agricultural labor Often a land grant – fief Structured – enjoy the position of a noble with vassals under while also being a vassal to a noble of higher status Nobles Knights Owe military service Serfs Give lord part of their crops Spend a number of days each month working on a lord’s lands or performing other labor service Could not be bought and sold Pass their property rights to their heirs

Similarities to Japan Knights were similar to the samurai
Vassals who served in the lord’s military forces Followed an honor code – chivalry/bushido In contrast chivalry was a two-sided contract between the knight and lord Bushido applied to both men and women of the samurai class

Chivalry Be virtuous Christian Warrior
An honorable and polite way of behaving (especially toward women) Gallant and distinguished gentlemen Often the code was broken

Manorialism system of economic and political relations between landlords and serfs Most people were serfs, they lived on self-sufficient agriculture estates called manors They were agriculture workers who received some protection in return they would have to give part of their goods to remain on the land Three field systems improved the production. Only a third of the land was left unplanted each year, in order to regain fertility. The moldboard was a plow, it was copied from the Mediterranean models.

Unifying Influence of Christianity
One thing binding European nations together after the fall of Rome 1054 doctrinal differences and geographical distance led to the Great Schism Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy Shaped Medieval society in key ways Monasteries preserved Greek and Latin manuscripts Sense that despite national and linguistic differences – linked by a common faith Feeling of cultural cohesion

Papacy and Political Power
Hierarchical Leader – Pope Lowest – Priest After 1000 the Catholic Church became immensely powerful politically Governed sizeable territory in central Italy – Papal States Had the authority and right to determine what was heresy, exclude worshippers from the Church (excommunication), and issue calls for holy wars (crusades) Collected tithes from the general population Controlled education 1231 Holy Inquisition – hunt out and punish heresy and religious nonconformity Christendom Goal was to unite Europe into a single Christian Community Governed by the Pope Kings and emperors subject to his rule

Conflicts Between the Church and State
Church leaders and monarchs Growing wealth of the Roman Catholic Church served as a temptation for priests and monks to set aside their spiritual responsibilities and to concentration on the acquisition of material goods Investiture – Lay investiture was a process by which monarchs apointed bishops Pope Gregory VII (1073 – 1085) HRE Henry IV Henry was excommunicated

Early Kingdoms 500s – 600s Short-lived kingdoms founded by barbarian chiefs rose and fell frequently Internally decentralization kept states weak As did externally Viking raids and Muslim invasions Earliest European nation was the Frankish Kingdom By the 700s it grew into the Carolingian Empire

Carolingian Empire Franks
Rose in prominence in present day France, western Germany, Belgium Descendants of the Germanic tribe that overran Gaul Frankish military leader Charles Martel turned back the Muslim invaders at the Battle of Tours (732) He established the Carolingian dynasty Son Pepin the Short strengthened the Kingdom's ties with the Catholic Church Pepin’s son Charlemagne ( ) defended the territory against Viking, barbarian, and Muslim attacks Greatly expanded the kingdom becoming the Holy Roman Emperor in 800 Supported education and culture (entrusted to the church)

Other Early Nations Late 800s – 900s
Saxon kings united large parts of England Capetian dynasty came to rule the area around Paris and gradually gained control over more of France Eastern Germanic portion of Charlemagne’s realm formed itself as the Holy Roman EMpire

Vikings Expert sailors and fierce warriors from Scandinavia
Owing to overcrowding in their homelands large numbers left (800 – 1100) One of the few peoples who could navigate in the open ocean Colonized Greenland, and Iceland Around 1000 voyagers led by Leif Erikson reached Canada Settled in parts of England, Scotland, Ireland Created long-lasting kingdoms in northwestern France and Sicily Established a trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium through Russia Created the first Russian state

England and France Most stable states were England and France
1066 – Normans (descendants of Vikings settled in France) led by William the Conqueror invaded England and defeated the Saxon king and established their rule there Imposed a feudal structure that required all vassals to owe their allegiance directly to the monarch Connected to the French throne by blood ties and feudal obligations there was much competition between England and France over land and political legitimacy until the middle of the 1400s

England Norman Conquest – brought French style feudalism to England
Helped create a rich cultural fusion Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, Latin-based England became centralized 1215 – Magna Carta Imposed on King John by the barons Guaranteed nobility certain rights and privileges Later in the 1200s the English nobility won the right to form a Parliament, which eventually became a representative lawmaking body that governed in conjunction with the king

Summary of Magna Carta It is also called Great Charter.
King John of England had to sign it because he was defeated by France. It was signed on June 15, 1215. The Magna Carta confirmed feudal rights against monarchical claims. He agreed to institute new taxes without the lord’s permission and also to appoint bishops without the churches permission. The Magna Carta became the basis for English rights. It contains 37 laws. It also showed that a kings power can be limited by a written grant. The Magna Carta was also probably used in the constitution and Bill of rights. The first Parliament convened in 1265 – saw its division into the House of Lords elected by Urban elites

France Capetian kings centralized their nation
Originally they only owned a tiny part of France England controlled large territories such as Aquitaine and Brittany while large and economically important regions such as Flanders and Burgundy remained independent Beat the English in a number of wars including the Hundred Years’ War French monarchs were not limited or obligated to share their power in any legally meaningful way

Hundred Years’ War 1337 – 1453 War’s first years coincided with the Black Death Until the early1400s the English won a number of victories After the 1420s the French King with the Help of Joan of Arc drove out the English

Holy Roman Empire “Neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire”
Less centralized Multicultural monarchy founded in the 900s by an heir of Charlemagne Theoretical ideal of a state that was large and powerful (Roman) and brought a variety of peoples into a single Catholic (holy) community Supposed to work in partnership with the pope Two clashed more than cooperated HRE was large but the emperors powers comparatively weak Position was not hereditary Chosen by the empire’s most powerful noble families Empire’s population was ethnically diverse German, Italian, Slavic Dozens of duchies, kingdoms, principalities Long term political effect – delayed the unification of Germany and Italy until the 19th Century Key centralizing factor was the rise of the Hapsburg family Gained permanent control over the imperial throne from

Italian States Even more decentralized
Not an actual country at this time Most of Northern Italy was under the HRE Southern areas passed into the hands of foreigners French, Spanish, Muslims, Byzantines Parts of Italy remained free Governed by dozens of city-states One of the most urbanized parts of Europe High cultural level helped to make it the birthplace of the Renaissance Position in the Med. Enabled trade with the Middle East and Egypt and by extension the Far East, China, and the Indian Ocean Cities developed strong commercial economies Chief city-states of medieval and Renaissance Italy were Florence, Milan, and Venice in the north and Naples in the south Rome was also important

Spain 700s – Moors (Muslims) took over Spain
People of Spain and Portugal fought the Moors in a long struggle know as the Reconquista By the end of 1200 had pushed the Moors into Granada (southernmost part of the country) For the next 200 years the Moors held out until they were expelled in 1492 by Ferdinand and Isabella Spanish territory was liberated gradually Each newly freed region remained independent By the 1400s there were 6 Spanish kingdoms Rulers of the two biggest kingdoms wed – Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Spain becomes a single country Intense religious intolerance Hostile to nonbelievers Muslims and Jews were persecuted Forced to convert or leave Benefits of the Moors Islamic culture was more advanced Advantages in scientific, medical, and technological knowledge Jewish scholars and professionals Co’rdoba – greatest centers of learning and science

Portugal Independent principality
Began its tradition of exploration during the 1400s

Byzantium Crossroads between Christian Europe and the Islamic Middle East Constantinople was a tremendously important trading center Linked the Med. Europe with the Middle East and by extension the overland routes such as the silk road and sea lanes that joined the Middle East with China, India, and the East Indies Superior to the rest of Europe in terms of economic and cultural advancement Long period of political and military decline Battle of Manzikert (1071) onward Seljuks then more dangerous Ottoman Turks slowly but increasingly stripped territory away from Byzantium 1400s Constantinople was under threat 1453 Ottomans seized it Byzantine Empire was destroyed Ottoman Empire went on to conquer large parts of southeastern Europe Clashed for centuries with the HRE

Eastern Europe Territories on Europe’s eastern and northern fringe tended to be poorly defined Stress of invasions from the east Mongol attacks in the mid-1200s and constant pressure from the Ottomans Held back political development of nations Forced West- Mongols were forced to move west because of weather and agriculture. Superior Military Technology- nomadic lifestyle, horsemanship Strengthening Numbers- increased ranks through conquered territories, would slaughter all people causing bad behavior in the horde. Diplomacy- dominated Northern trade routes from Europe to Asia, they learned sciences and philosophies which helped to politically interest conquered people Hungary, Sweden, Poland – exceptions (stable and sophisticated) Russia Loose confederation of city-states Governed by constantly feuding princes Mongol invasions of 1240s placed the Russians under the domination of the Golden Horde Mid-1400s Russia became free

Concept and Origin of Crusading
Power of the medieval pope was the ability to request monarchs to provide troops and money for holy wars Fought for a number of reasons Convert non-believers to Christianity Crush Christian movements the papacy considered heretical Resist attacks by foreigners who were not Christians Motivating Factors Genuine religious fervor on the part of both Muslims and Christians Geopolitical conflict between Europe and the Middle East The European’s desire to become more involved in the international trade network stretching from the Med. To China Personal ambitions of Europeans hoping to gain wealth and land in the Middle East Racial and religious prejudice

Crusading Experience First Crusade (1096-1099)
Byzantine Empire asked fellow Christians in Europe for military assistance against the Seljuk Turks who had recently captured Jerusalem Byzantines exaggerated rumors of Turkish atrocities in the Holy Lands Pope Urban II responded by summoning the Council of Clermont and calling on knights of Catholic Europe to retake the Holy Land 1099 placed Jerusalem under siege Butchered almost every Muslim and Jew within its walls (killed a number of native Christians whom they mistook for Muslims) Key reason for this First Crusade’s success was the lack of unity among Muslims, Turks, and Arabs Europeans established four Christian states known as Latin Kingdoms Served as military and political foothold in the Middle East Enabled Europeans to become involved in a lucrative commercial economy 4th Crusade – merchants of Venice sack Constantinople

Effects of the Crusades
Senseless Violence and Wars- crusaders killed all of Jerusalem even women. Undermining Church Moral Authority- the murders of the Jews and Muslims, was used as indictment against the Roman Catholic Church was not moral authority Distrust of Christians- Christians kept killing people of other religions, like Jews and Muslims when they were on there way to the middle east, they create ruthless Opened Way for Muslim Conquests of Europe- the differences between Roman Catholics and the Byzantine created hatred, led to capturing Constantinople, Ottoman Turks began to come into Europe Asian Influence- Crusade's increased Europe’s knowledge of Asia, influence of cosmopolitan in Europe Increased Anti-Semitism – loyalty to the rose during throughout all of Europe leaving religious tolerance low, Jewish homes were destroyed Greater awareness of the wider world Crusader ideal – notion of Christian warriors were fighting a holy war on behalf of a sacred cause – contributed ti the powerful myth of knighthood and chivalry Increased knowledge of and the desire for economic wealth to be gained

Population Growth, Trade, Commerce
1000 – 1300 population growth in Europe was considerable General warming Advanced agricultural techniques (3 field system and better plows) caused food supply to increase Trade and commerce became a larger part of the European economy Political stability made banking, the movement of goods, and the creation of markets safer and more convenient Security returned as the Vikings, now Christian ceased their raids and became settled people Movement of goods was easier by water than land – trade routes followed rivers and coastlines Trade in the Baltic was dominated by the Hanseatic League – group whose influence stretched from England in the west to Russia in the East Powerful banking houses were run by the Medicis in Italy and Fuggers in central Europe Crusaders Introduced sugarcane, spices, luxury goods – porcelain, glassware, carpets from the East East had little interest in the inferior goods of the West

Urbanization Majority of the people remained in the countryside working as peasants and serfs Increasing number began to move to the cities Existing cities grew larger and new cities were founded at a great rate Italy and Flanders urbanized more quickly Excellent sites for trade Attracted artists, writers, scholars Specialization of labor Guild system Maintained a monopoly on their respective trades Restricted membership, established prices, set standards of quality and fair practice, provided pensions Advantage – immunity to feudal obligations Year and a day “city air makes you free”

Social Stress Increased after 1300 Uprisings across Europe
Peasant Jacquerie of 1358 in France Wool Carder’s Revolt in Florence in 1378 Wat Tyler’s Rebellion in England in 1381 Causes Little Ice Age – general cooling affected harvests and made life in the countryside difficult Many peasants were forced into military service especially during the Hundred Years’ War More wars were being fought, armies growing larger, new gunpowder weaponry was expensive Taxes of common people increased Persecution of peoples thought to be witches Catholic Authorities sought to root out witchcraft – 1400s The Hammer of Witchcraft – aid in spotting and trying of witches

Black Death Greatest medical disaster in Eurasian History
After killing millions of people in China the disease spread westward to the Middle East Reached Europe on a ship landing in Sicily in 1347 ravaged Europe spread to Central Europe and British Isles 1351 – 1353 spread to Russia and Scandinavia Initial bout killed 25 – 30 million people Roughly 1/3 of Europe’s population

Women in Medieval Europe
As a rule – subservient to men Women of lower classes cared for the household and assisted with farm work Women of low birth worked as servants Joan of Arc Some had property rights Own and inherit property Received dowries could separate from their husbands although obtaining divorces and annulments was difficult Had protection but not equality before the law Could become nuns Majority of nuns were from landed aristocracy (younger sisters whom the dads could not afford to pay to have married) Those who preferred intellectual pursuits found safe havens Hildegard of Bingen (1098 – 1179) mystical writings Aristocratic women could exert informal political and cultural influence Manage husbands estates and finances Moms of young kings would serve as advisors Become queens in England, Spain, Russia Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122 – 1204) married Louis VII of France and Henry II of England

Medieval Culture Most important factor shaping medieval culture was the Catholic Church Administered institutions of learning Monasteries and universities Largest employer of artists, architects, musicians Art and ideas not in line with the church could be banned Classical learning and literature preserved from ancient Greece and Rome Latin was Europe’s language of learning and culture Aristotle Encouraged some mistaken ideas Geocentric theory

Art, Architecture, Literature
Medieval art was religious in nature Icons – religious paintings were largely inspired by Byzantine styles Gregorian Chant Great builders of castles Many were molded on Byzantine and Middle Eastern Designs Romanesque v Gothic - Troubadours and minstrels 1000 – 1100 Popularized nonreligious music Favorite songs were about love and legends of King Arthur, Charlemagne’s knight Roland and El Cid of Spain Authors Dante Alighieri of Italy (1265 – 1321) Geoffrey Chaucer of England (1340 – 1401) Christine de Pisan (1364 – 1410) Increased use of the vernacular Stimulated a growth in literacy and made literature available to a wider range of people

High Middle Ages Gothic Architecture Increased urbanization
Cathedrals with tall spires and arched windows with stained glass reflected Muslim designs in Western Architectural technology Increased urbanization The size of western Europe cities still could not compare with the number of urban areas in China The rise of universities A decline in the number of serfs on the manor Some serfs received wages to work in new agricultural lands while others fled to towns The emergence of centralized monarchies The strengthening of nation states The Hundred Years’ War increased the power of both France and England Considered by some historians to be the end of the Medieval Period Increase Eurasian trade The growth of banking New warfare technology Gunpowder and the cannon made castles increasingly obsolete

ESPiRITE

Economic The postclassical period in western Europe began with the fall of Rome, period called middle ages. Three field system- only one third of the land was left unplanted. Most people created new markets, growing trade Economy help feed formal culture life While merchant capitalism gained ground in western Europe economic values dominate Western agriculture was not yet advanced technology but improved Largest trade and banking was in Germany France/low countries were capitalistic Big merchants invested in ships Luxury goods and spices from Asia Mediterranean trade redeveloped, by Italian immigrants Hanseatic league – Scandinavia grouped together to encourage trade Trade and banking in the middle ages served as the origin of capitalism in western civilizations Jacques Coeur was one of Europe’s best merchants, risks new forms of trade served as tax officials until minting coins, he became finical advisors Guilds – people in the same business or craft in a single city, stressed security and control, limited membership, good workmanship Summas- or highest power Iron making and textile making

Social Vikings from Scandinavia disturbed life from Ireland to Sicily
Clovis a warrior chieftain, he converted to Christianity about 496 CE to gain greater prestige over local rivals who were still pagan. Carolingians- took over the monarchy which was based in northern europe, Belgium and western Germany Charles Martel or Charles the hammer, was the founder of the Carolingians, responsible for defeating the Muslims in the battle of tours in 732 Charlemagne or Charles the great, established empire in France and Germany, helped restore some church based education Holy roman emperors- merging Christian and classical claims Vassals – greater lords protection and aid to lesser lord in return military service or some goods. William the conquer- extended the feudal system in his kingdom Gregory VII ( ) tried to purify the church and free it from inheritance by feudal lords Bernard of Claivaus- powerful monk, he challenged Avelard Thomas Aquinas- the Italian-born monk who taught at university of Paris, faith came fist for him , through reason people could know natural order, moral law, and nature of God

Political Manorialism was the system of economic and political relations between landlords and serfs. Feudalism the key political and military relationships in Western Europe. Magna Carta – king john was forced to sign, it limited his power Parliaments – feudal balance-> three estates, church, noble, and urban leaders. The practice of appointment or investiture of bishops in Germany Scholasticism – medieval philosophers approach was called because of its base in the schools- silly debates such as the one about how many angels could dance on the head of a pin. Demonstrated an unusual confidence in logical orderliness of knowledge Guilds played an important political role

Interaction Hundred years war – 14th century, long battle began, France and England-over territories the English king controlled in France, over feudal rights versus the national states Crusades Vikings Mongols

Religious Pope Urban II called for the first crusade in 1095
The importance of absolute faith in God Christianity Rise of cities from saw the formation to develop spirituality and express the love of God. Magical rituals involved much dancing and merriment Pagan festivals Western painters used religious subjects, like Christ’s birth Medieval lit. and music reflected strong religious interests Religion was the center piece of intellectuals , from science to romantic poetry

Intellectual Viking intellectual activity declined
With Charlemagne intellectual activity began to slowly recover. Believed in human reason and natural order Fascination with logics lead intellectuals to a certain zeal Peter Abelard- 12th century, in Paris he wrote a treaties called Yes and No, it showed logical contradictions in a doctrine Bernard was an intellectual of different sort, he stressed the importance of mystical union with God Christianity and Islam relied on the bible or the Quran Combining rational philosophy and Christian faith was the dominant intellectual theme. In postclassical west. Motivated a growing interest in knowledge imported from the classical past and from the Arab world. -> Arab rationist ibn rushd, western phosphor, theologian Like philosophy, medieval art and architecture were intended to serve glory to God Followed roman models, using rectangles or Romanesque Gothic architects built soaring church spires and tall windows Philosophy, law or political theory Latin became the development of lit. in spoken lang. or vernaculars Beowulf, the song of Roland Vernacular tongues like Canterbury poets or troubadours

Technological Moldboard- a plow that allowed deeper turning in soil

Essay Assignment Compare and Contrast the economic and political systems of the Byzantine Empire and Western Europe during the post classical Era

Rise of Western Europe Medieval Europe.

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