1. Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint
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2. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1
Introduction to A & P
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1
K Coogler

3. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
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4. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”

5. Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
Organism – the human

6. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

7. Can you name the organ systems?
Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems?
There are eleven (11).

8. Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Reproductive System

9. Characteristics of Life (10)
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

10. Characteristics of Life (Cont)
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

11. Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

12. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

13. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

14. * Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in common:
Receptor - provides information about the stimuli; senses change in environment
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point);regulates set-point of variables
Effector - organ that acts in response to changes; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

15. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

16. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms
The nervous and endocrine systems controls homeostasis in the body.

17. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Reduces the actions of the effectors
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

18. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
Produces more instability in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

19. Organization of the Human Body
AXIAL PORTION APPENCICULAR PORTION
HEAD ARMS
NECK LEGS
TRUNK MAJOR CAVITIES
   CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY
BRAIN LUNGS
MEDIASTINUM
VERTEBRAL CANAL THYMUS
SPINAL CORD HEART
ESOPHAGUS
TRACHEA
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.
  ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY
stomach urinary bladder liver internal reproductive
spleen organs
gallbladder
small intestine
large intestine
* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

20. Organization of the Human Body
Body cavities
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Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity V
ertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)

21. Cavities of the Head Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses:
Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses:
Frontal sinuses
Paranasal sinuses:
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavity
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity

22. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Serous Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE.
b. lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.
There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.

23. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:
  a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura.
The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
b. Serous Membranes of the HEART:
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is
called parietal pericardium.
The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

24. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called
visceral peritoneum.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal
peritoneum.
The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal
cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.

25. Anatomical Terminology
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A language used to describe the relative position of body parts; needed for communication.
Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward.

26. Anatomical Terminology Relative Positions
Superior = above; Inferior = below;
Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
Medial = center; Lateral = side;
Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side
*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.
Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
Superficial / peripheral = surface; Deep = internal.

27. Midline
Right
Left
Superior
Proximal
Medial
Lateral
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal

28. Body Sections or Planes (3)
Sagittal – divides body into left and right portions
Median or Midsagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

29. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

30. Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Regions (9)
Right
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
(a)
Quadrants (4)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b)

31. Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital
(back of head)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg) T
arsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal (heel)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(a)
(b)

32. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
Define and give examples of metabolism.

33. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

34. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Define aging.
Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions.