1. Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1
Introduction to A & P
Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 1

2. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of ____________
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of ____________
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates ______________.”

3. Levels of Organization
____________________– electrons, protons, and neutrons
______________ – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
__________ – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
________________ – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
___________ – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
_________ – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
_____________ – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
__________ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
______________ – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
____________ – the human

4. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

5. Can you name the organ systems? Hint..11

6. Characteristics of Life (10)
_____________ – change in position; motion
_____________ – reaction to a change
__________ – increase in body size; no change in shape
___________ – production of new organisms and new cells
______________ – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

7. Characteristics of Life (Cont.)
___________ – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
_______________ – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
______________ – movement of substances in body fluids
________________ – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
_________________ – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

8. Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

9. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for _____________________
- required for transport of substances
- regulates ________________________
Food
- provides necessary _____________
- supplies energy
- supplies __________________

10. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- _____________ of air
- used to ______________from nutrients
Heat
- form of _____________
- partly controls ____________________________
Pressure
- application of ________________________
- ______________ pressure – important for breathing
- ______________ pressure – keeps blood flowing

11. * Maintaining of a stable _______________________
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable _______________________
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the _____________________and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. All homeostatic mechanisms have three components in common:
______________ - provides information about the stimuli; senses change in environment
______________- tells what a particular value should be (called the set point); regulates set-point of variables
______________- organ that acts in response to changes; elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

12. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

13. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
_____________ feedback mechanisms
_____________feedback mechanisms
The ________________________________control homeostasis in the body

14. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
____________the actions of the effectors
Corrects the _______________
Causes __________________________to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’
Limits chaos in the body by creating _________________
Most _______________ type of feedback loop
Examples: _____________________________________________

15. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
Produces more _______________ in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are _________________
Controls only ___________________that do not require __________________________________
Considered to be the ______________________ loop
Examples: _____________________________________

16. Organization of the Human Body
AXIAL PORTION APPENCICULAR PORTION
MAJOR CAVITIES
   CRANIAL CAVITY THORACIC CAVITY
VERTEBRAL CANAL
* Note that the diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.
  ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY PELVIC CAVITY
* Note that the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, and ureters are behind the abdominopelvic cavity. This is referred to as RETROPERITONEAL.

17. Organization of the Human Body
Body cavities
Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
(b)
(a)

18. Cavities of the Head Cranial cavity Paranasal sinuses:
Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Paranasal sinuses:
Paranasal sinuses:

19. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
_______________= a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:
a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = _________________ MEMBRANE.
b. lines a body cavity = ___________________ MEMBRANE.
There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for ________________________.

20. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs, and abdominal organs:
  a. Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:
The membrane on the surface of the lung is called _______________.
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called ____________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the _____________, and it is filled with serous fluid.
b. Serous Membranes of the HEART:
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called _______________
______________________
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is
called _______________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the ______________ _______________, and it is filled with serous fluid.

21. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
c. Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called
_______________________________.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called ___________
_______________________.
The space between these two membranes is called the _____________
________________, and it is filled with serous fluid.

22. Anatomical Terminology
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A language used to describe the _____________________; needed for communication.
Anatomical Position –

23. Midline

24. Anatomical Terminology Relative Positions
Superior = _________; Inferior = __________;
Anterior = _________; Posterior = _________;
Ventral = __________; Dorsal = ___________;
Medial = __________; Lateral = ___________;
Ipsilateral = ________; Contralateral = ________;
*Proximal/Distal – Only in the extremities.
Proximal = _____________; Distal = _____________;
Superficial / peripheral = __________; Deep = ____________.

25. Body Sections or Planes (3)
___________ – divides body into left and right portions
____________ – divides body into equal left and right portions
____________________– divides body into superior and inferior portions
___________________ – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

26. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
Body Sections
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Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

27. Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
Regions ( )
(a)
Quadrants ( )
(b)

28. Body Regions
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(a)
(b)