1. The War Between the States

2. Other Names The Civil War The Civil War The War of the Rebellion The War of the Rebellion The War Between the States The War Between the States The War of Northern Aggression The War of Northern Aggression The War of Southern Independence The War of Southern Independence Mr. Lincoln's War Mr. Lincoln's War The War of Secession The War of Secession The War The War The Second American Revolution The Second American Revolution The War in Defense of Virginia The War in Defense of Virginia The War of the Rebellion The War of the Rebellion The War of Southern Rebellion The War of Southern Rebellion The War to Save the Union The War to Save the Union The War for Abolition The War for Abolition The War of the Insurrection The War of the Insurrection

3. Secession Confederate States of America South Carolina (December 20, 1860) South Carolina (December 20, 1860) Mississippi (January 9, 1861) Mississippi (January 9, 1861) Florida (January 10, 1861) Florida (January 10, 1861) Alabama (January 11, 1861) Alabama (January 11, 1861) Georgia (January 19, 1861) Georgia (January 19, 1861) Louisiana (January 26, 1861) Louisiana (January 26, 1861) Texas (February 1, 1861) Texas (February 1, 1861) Border States that remained part of USA Delaware Maryland Missouri Kentucky West Virginia

4. Important Battles 1 st Manassas (Bull Run) 1 st Manassas (Bull Run) –Ended the idea that the war would be over in six weeks at the cost of a few hundred lives Shiloh Shiloh –The death of Johnston led to the Lost Cause myth, while Nathan Bedford Forrest, US Grant and William Sherman all distinguished themselves Seven Days Battles Seven Days Battles –“There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” Antietam Antietam –A perceived Union victory allowed President Lincoln to Proclaim Emancipation from a position of strength Gettysburg Gettysburg –Generally recognized as the turning point of the war March to the Sea March to the Sea –Sherman decided not to kill poor southerners but to instead burn rich southern houses. This exercise in total warfare was all the South could take.

5. Challenges USA Invade and hold territory Invade and hold territory –Armies are less willing to invade than defend –Fighting on unfamiliar territory Enforce will on captive population Enforce will on captive population Blockade all Southern ports Blockade all Southern ports –Winfield Scott’s “Anaconda Plan,” based on a similar strategy that he used against Mexico CSA Defend its territory until recognized as a separate nation Defend its territory until recognized as a separate nation Familiar land Familiar land High proportion of trained military leadership High proportion of trained military leadership –Nearly feudal culture emphasized militarism –Virginia Military Academy & Citadel “King Cotton” was a substantial cash crop, but could they still sell to Europe during the War? “King Cotton” was a substantial cash crop, but could they still sell to Europe during the War?

6. Leadership CSA Jefferson Davis Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee Robert E. Lee Joseph E. Johnston Joseph E. Johnston Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson James Longstreet James Longstreet P.G.T. Beauregard P.G.T. Beauregard Braxton Bragg Braxton Bragg James Ewell Brown (JEB) Stuart James Ewell Brown (JEB) Stuart Nathan Bedford Forrest Nathan Bedford Forrest Raphael Semmes Raphael SemmesUSA Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant Ulysses S. Grant William Tecumseh Sherman William Tecumseh Sherman George B. McClellan George B. McClellan Henry W. Halleck Henry W. Halleck Joseph Hooker Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ambrose Burnside Irvin McDowell Irvin McDowell Philip Sheridan Philip Sheridan George Armstrong Custer George Armstrong Custer David Farragut David Farragut

7. War and Society Training Troops Raising Money Stifling Dissent While both sides initially called for volunteer forces, drafts were instituted in 1862. When William Sherman first mentioned in 1861 that he was of the opinion that the war would be protracted and cost hundreds of thousands of lives, he was deemed insane and reassigned to an insignificant post

8. Raising Troops in the CSA Males 18-35 Males 18-35 Clergy, civil servants, militia officers are exempt Clergy, civil servants, militia officers are exempt Males on plantations that had >20 slaves were exempt to stifle slave revolts and encourage more agriculture Males on plantations that had >20 slaves were exempt to stifle slave revolts and encourage more agriculture Replacements could be hired Replacements could be hired

9. Raising Troops in the USA Males 20-45 Males 20-45 Exceptions: those who are sole support for widowers, orphans, or indigent parents Exceptions: those who are sole support for widowers, orphans, or indigent parents Could hire a replacement or pay $300 to avoid service Could hire a replacement or pay $300 to avoid service –Unsure of the legal status of the President with regard to a draft, President Lincoln paid a substitute

10. A Rich Man’s War, A Poor Man’s Fight The draft was easier to avoid for the rich in either the North or the South The draft was easier to avoid for the rich in either the North or the South Resistance to the draft Resistance to the draft –Southerners could escape to remote areas –Northerners could run away to western territories –Draft Riot in NYC after first draw led to over 100 deaths and many burned buildings

11. Summary: Draft did not raise many soldiers directly; sometimes men would volunteer because of stigma with draft Summary: Draft did not raise many soldiers directly; sometimes men would volunteer because of stigma with draft Conscription is an example of a novel exercise of government power Conscription is an example of a novel exercise of government power – All three previous wars were fought by volunteers, –Government is asking men to put lives on line for the nation--never been done before

12. Raising Money - CSA Borrowed from both domestic and foreign sources at first Borrowed from both domestic and foreign sources at first War Bonds paid for between 30-35% of the war. War Bonds paid for between 30-35% of the war. –If you have seen Gone With The Wind, these are what Gerald O'Hara has done to "invest in the future of the Confederacy." These were sold primarily to banks instead of individuals Impress slaves to build fortifications and do government work like build fortifications, etc. Impress slaves to build fortifications and do government work like build fortifications, etc.

13. Raising Money - CSA Printed paper money. Printed paper money. –By 1864, it took C$46 to buy what used to cost one Confederate dollar in 1861. By the end of the war, that had risen to C$92 to one 1861 C$. Taxes Taxes –New, but inefficient –Property, income, sales, and profit taxes by the end of 1861 –All Confederate taxes combined only raised about 5% of what the CSA needed to prosecute the war –Concept of State’s Rights was damaged

14. Raising Money - USA Not as drastic as the South; a Mfg economy is better suited for emergency expenditures than an agrarian Not as drastic as the South; a Mfg economy is better suited for emergency expenditures than an agrarian –Still required an extension of government power Taxes Taxes –Revenue taxes and income tax

15. Printing $ 1861, over 7000 local banks issuing local money. 1861, over 7000 local banks issuing local money. Specie (gold and silver) was low during the war, Specie (gold and silver) was low during the war, People were initially untrusting of paper money, remembering the paper money during the Revolution. ("Not worth a Continental...") People were initially untrusting of paper money, remembering the paper money during the Revolution. ("Not worth a Continental...") 1862, the Treasury Act began issuance of "Greenbacks," the precursor of modern money. 1862, the Treasury Act began issuance of "Greenbacks," the precursor of modern money.

16. Printing $ Inflation- not nearly as bad the South Inflation- not nearly as bad the South Convincing the public to accept money that did not jingle Convincing the public to accept money that did not jingle –The US took the step of making the money Legal Tender, which the CSA did not. –Issued the paper money at the same time as the new taxes were imposed and made the new money valid for payment of taxes.

17. Buy War Bonds! Buy War Bonds! Actively sold bonds to individual citizens instead of banks. Actively sold bonds to individual citizens instead of banks. Followed Alexander Hamilton's advice on how to make citizens loyal to a nation by giving them a personal financial stake in it. Followed Alexander Hamilton's advice on how to make citizens loyal to a nation by giving them a personal financial stake in it. Over a million Northerners bought war bonds. Over a million Northerners bought war bonds. Bond sales raised over $1.5 billion in the last 3 years of the war; compare that to an operating cost of $63 million for the entire US in 1860. Bond sales raised over $1.5 billion in the last 3 years of the war; compare that to an operating cost of $63 million for the entire US in 1860.

18. National Banking Acts, 1863 & 1864 Allowed businesspeople who bought certain amount in bonds to organize banks under federal charter and issue bank notes backed by the federal government securities--so instead of having bank issuing notes not backed by gold, have a uniform money system Allowed businesspeople who bought certain amount in bonds to organize banks under federal charter and issue bank notes backed by the federal government securities--so instead of having bank issuing notes not backed by gold, have a uniform money system

19. Increased Government Power & Economic Changes More people become involved in government More people become involved in government Northern economy invigorated by war effort Northern economy invigorated by war effort –production of coal, iron, copper and leather greater than before –this demand encourages the standardization and mechanization of production--establishes postwar model for industry Agriculture in South declines, but in the North stays fairly stable Agriculture in South declines, but in the North stays fairly stable –demand peaks as work force declines, use of horse-drawn harvesters and mowers increases

20. Dissent Civil liberties take a hit in some way in wartime Civil liberties take a hit in some way in wartime mid-1861: Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus mid-1861: Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus –Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment around 15000 people are arrested for disloyal activities, espionage, sabotage or other actions detrimental to Union cause around 15000 people are arrested for disloyal activities, espionage, sabotage or other actions detrimental to Union cause –lot of newspapers shut down, too

21. Dissent Clement Vallandigham Clement Vallandigham –Copperheads--Peace Democrats –In 1863 Vallandigham is campaigning for Dem nomination of Governor of Ohio calls war a failure, demands repudiation of Emancipation Proclamation, called for negotiated peace with Confederacy calls war a failure, demands repudiation of Emancipation Proclamation, called for negotiated peace with Confederacy Lincoln declares that anyone accused of disloyal activity or discouraging enlistment subject to martial law; Vallandigham is exiled to Confederacy but ends up in Canada, runs campaign from there Lincoln declares that anyone accused of disloyal activity or discouraging enlistment subject to martial law; Vallandigham is exiled to Confederacy but ends up in Canada, runs campaign from there

22. The Soldiers "Billy Yank" "Billy Yank" –Northern soliders had enough food and clothing to be comfortable, but no picnic –Chances for survival slim if wounded: no anesthesia or knowledge of sources of infection no anesthesia or knowledge of sources of infection many died of shock, gangrene, or loss of blood many died of shock, gangrene, or loss of blood If survived battle still had to contend with disease from unsanitary camps, or died from exposure or exhaustion If survived battle still had to contend with disease from unsanitary camps, or died from exposure or exhaustion "Johnny Reb" "Johnny Reb" –All of the above and more--the average soldier lacked shoes, adequate clothing and food –Most things a soldier might have in way of shoes, clothing or even weapons very likely to have been stolen from a body on the battlefield Desertion Desertion –High for both armies 200000 Union men (10%) and 104000 Confederates (13%) 200000 Union men (10%) and 104000 Confederates (13%)

23. Black Soldiers As it became difficult to fill ranks in a shrinking army, the opposition to recruiting African American soldiers faded As it became difficult to fill ranks in a shrinking army, the opposition to recruiting African American soldiers faded –Why not let those benefiting from the war fight? 1863: Lincoln created regiments composed of freed blacks and former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation 1863: Lincoln created regiments composed of freed blacks and former slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation –Placed under white officers and still treated like second class citizens, but fought bravely nevertheless –Lincoln called them "very important, if not indispensable" part of Union effort

24. Background to Emancipation Lincoln wants to focus the public mind on Union reuniting rather than on "that peculiar institution" Lincoln wants to focus the public mind on Union reuniting rather than on "that peculiar institution" –The main goal: "to save the Union...not either to save or destroy slavery" The Republican Platform in 1860 explicitly stated that slavery would be protected where it existed The Republican Platform in 1860 explicitly stated that slavery would be protected where it existed A Congressional Resolution, offered by John Crittenden, reaffirmed that position in order to placate the Border States and keep them in the Union. A Congressional Resolution, offered by John Crittenden, reaffirmed that position in order to placate the Border States and keep them in the Union.

25. The Republicans in the north were unsure how to implement emancipation The Republicans in the north were unsure how to implement emancipation –Conservative Republicans wanted to gradually phase out slavery, with administration handled by the states. Individual states would ideally be financially responsible for the expense of sending all former slaves to exta-US colonies –Moderates, including Lincoln, started closer to the conservative point of view but ended the war closer to the radical plan –Radicals called for immediate emancipation of the slaves The "war powers" clause of the constitution gave the north the right to free slaves; if the South was no longer part of the Union, it no longer received constitutional protection The "war powers" clause of the constitution gave the north the right to free slaves; if the South was no longer part of the Union, it no longer received constitutional protection The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was overseen by radicals, who were able to push their agenda of punishing slaveholders. Many moderates eventually came to this point of view The Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War was overseen by radicals, who were able to push their agenda of punishing slaveholders. Many moderates eventually came to this point of view

26. Most Democrats supported a war for Union but not for emancipation Most Democrats supported a war for Union but not for emancipation –Fear of black competition for jobs and of racial intermarriage –Strongly in favor of colonization –A trial expedition to set up a colony in Haiti in 1862 was a disaster. Poorly planned and severely under-supplied, the survival rate was approximately 10%, and this ended any further discussion of colonization.

27. Slaves working at plantations, etc. as they had done before working at plantations, etc. as they had done before –do not rebel on huge scale during wartime in the militarized South, but when Union comes South many flee to Union lines Army does not know what to do: technically these slaves are still property because slavery is still legal Army does not know what to do: technically these slaves are still property because slavery is still legal put them to paid work put them to paid work After Emancipation Proclamation was issued, slaves near disputed areas started moving en masse to wherever the nearest Union army was encamped. Even given the number of older or younger overseers with guns who had not joined the army, this is a large part of the argument that black slaves freed themselves at any given opportunity rather than wait for someone to come and personally free them. After Emancipation Proclamation was issued, slaves near disputed areas started moving en masse to wherever the nearest Union army was encamped. Even given the number of older or younger overseers with guns who had not joined the army, this is a large part of the argument that black slaves freed themselves at any given opportunity rather than wait for someone to come and personally free them.

28. Four Factors in Emancipation Frederick Douglass and others point out that the reliance on slave labor must be reduced Frederick Douglass and others point out that the reliance on slave labor must be reduced –if slaves knew the government would free them they would cease to work and be a resource/labor system for the Confederacy The Possibility of recruiting Black soldiers The Possibility of recruiting Black soldiers –to shore up losses from battle and make up for declining zeal of white volunteers

29. Four Factors in Emancipation The Moral War Point of View: The Moral War Point of View: –If North could turn the war into a war for human freedom and tie the Union to the destruction of slavery, then it would be harder for the Confederacy to get help from Europe –After the Proclamation, the focus for many soldiers changed from preservation of the Union to freeing people in bondage. During Sherman's March to the Sea, there are many instances recorded of Southern women haranguing Union soldiers bitterly, then the soldiers replying that it was wrong to keep people as slaves. Then they would burn the plantations down.

30. Four Factors in Emancipation un-authorized Military action in 1861-2 un-authorized Military action in 1861-2 –Benjamin Butler in May 1861 refused to return runaway slaves that had made it to his army's camp to plantations, defining them as "contraband of war." This was only possible if the war was between two nations and not a simple police action on a rebellious territory –Following Butler's example, John C. Fremont declared all slaves of rebels in Missouri free –Because MO was still part of the Union, Lincoln rescinded Fremont's order –David Hunter ordered all slaves along the SC, GA, and FL Atlantic coasts to be freed by naval vessels at any opportunity This order was also rescinded by Lincoln This order was also rescinded by Lincoln Lincoln's actions were roundly condemned by Abolitionists. Lincoln's actions were roundly condemned by Abolitionists.

31. Emancipation Proclamation On September 22, 1862, Lincoln declares that all slaves will be "thenceforward and forever free"; that date rolls around and technically takes effect on January 1, 1863, but it can only be enforced where the law cannot be enforced--The Confederacy On September 22, 1862, Lincoln declares that all slaves will be "thenceforward and forever free"; that date rolls around and technically takes effect on January 1, 1863, but it can only be enforced where the law cannot be enforced--The Confederacy –border states are not covered, and Proclamation would mean nothing if North lost –Lincoln wanted to issue the Proclamation earlier in order to prevent European recognition of the CSA, but had to wait until a battlefield victory. That victory was at Antietam, which could have been defined as a draw had Lee not retreated South.

32. Behind the Lines Dramatic changes in civilian lives Dramatic changes in civilian lives –South: –transportation breaks down and blockade takes effect, food shortages Rails in the South were not of a standard gauge, so rail transportation was not as easy as it was in the north Rails in the South were not of a standard gauge, so rail transportation was not as easy as it was in the north Mobile, there is a food riot: women riot and carry signs that say things like "Bread for Blood" and "Bread or Peace“ Mobile, there is a food riot: women riot and carry signs that say things like "Bread for Blood" and "Bread or Peace“

33. Behind the Lines North: North: –experienced inflation: prices rose higher than wages Raphael Semmes runs the blockade, assumes control of CSS Sumter, later takes control of CSS Alabama Raphael Semmes runs the blockade, assumes control of CSS Sumter, later takes control of CSS Alabama Commerce raiding from the English-built Alabama provoked a lawsuit against England after the war Commerce raiding from the English-built Alabama provoked a lawsuit against England after the war

34. Behind the Lines Women in North experienced some temporary benefits Women in North experienced some temporary benefits –with men at war, traditional gender roles broken –women join the workforce in War and Treasury Departments as secretaries, copyists, clerks in War and Treasury Departments as secretaries, copyists, clerks in private sector as teachers, factory workers, clerical workers in private sector as teachers, factory workers, clerical workers Big gain in Nursing Big gain in Nursing –want to share effort in war, after war a real system put into effect with formal training, nurses from war already established nurses women like Dorthea Dix--superintendent of women nurses for Union women like Dorthea Dix--superintendent of women nurses for Union Clara Barton--starts the Red Cross, 20 years after the war Clara Barton--starts the Red Cross, 20 years after the war

35. Aftermath The singularity of the Nation - prior to the Civil War, all references to the United States were in the plural. "The United States are protesting our sinking of their ships." After the war, the US became singular, and all references reflect one government guiding all the states. "The United States is sending their navy to get us. Hide." The singularity of the Nation - prior to the Civil War, all references to the United States were in the plural. "The United States are protesting our sinking of their ships." After the war, the US became singular, and all references reflect one government guiding all the states. "The United States is sending their navy to get us. Hide."

36. Aftermath Assassination of Lincoln Assassination of Lincoln Constitutional Amendments Constitutional Amendments –13th -Abolishes slavery –14th - defines 'United States citizen' and includes the privileges and immunities, due process and equal protection clauses –15th - Ensures right of former slaves to vote

37. Reconstruction Military occupation of the South, divided into multiple military districts. Military occupation of the South, divided into multiple military districts.