1. India
World’s largest democracy
Oldest democracy in the developing world

2. New Development Plans in Bangalore

3. Skyscrapers in New Delhi

4. Wealth and Poverty in India
Mumbai

5. India’s Caste System

6. India’s Green Revolution
Provide incentives for agricultural production by large land owners, but
most of India’s poor are landless.
There enough food for the poor, but government prefers to export food surpluses

7. Population Growth
No social security or Medicaid, no mandatory primary education, some government food for work programs

8. Maurya Empire BC
Ashoka the Great
Ancient India
Death of Alexander the Great – Maurya Empire – Ashoka the Great

9. India’s Golden Age
Historians refer to the unification of north India under the Guptas ( AD) as a golden era.
Besides the advances in mathematics, it saw the emergence of Sanskrit literature, new and enduring forms of Hinduism, and a brilliant temple architecture.

10. Mughal Empire
Between 712AD and 1526, India was subject to repeated invasions, culminating in the establishment of the Mughal empire in Turkic origins. Taj Mahal built by the Mughals.

11. British India
British East India Company –
Bought loyalty of various princes (maharajas) and Mughal emperors.

12. Sepoy Rebellion 1857
Social Uprising, beginning of national awakening
Resulted in end of Mughal rule and beginning of direct British rule.
British bought loyalty of traditional princes (Maharajas) and land owners (Zamindars) to support direct rule

13. Direct British Rule

15. Indian National Congress
1885 – Indian nationalists form the Indian National Congress advocating for independence.
1920s – Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi becomes leader of the INC
Advocates nonviolent confrontation against British rule (satyagraha – moral persuasion).
Mahatma Ghandi
Indian National Congress Leader- pre 1948

16. Although a devout Hindu, Gandhi was a strong advocate of religious tolerance and resisted calls to partition India into Hindu and Muslim states.
Ignored, the partition resulted in violence and ethnic cleansing of Hindu and Muslim communities into West and East Pakistan (Punjab, Bengal) and Gandhi’s assassination by Hindu extremists.
Leading the Salt March

17. India Before and After Partition
1947 – End of British Rule in India, Partition, Creation of East and West Pakistan. Mass migration of Muslims and Hindus across borders begin. Riots and clashes over disputed territory (Kashmir)

18. Independence
1947 – India proclaimed an independent state under the leadership of the Indian National Congress and Jawaharlal Nehru.
India established a parliamentary democracy with elections based on single-member pluralities.
Jawaharlal Nehru
Congress Party Prime Minister

19. Indian Parliament - Lok Sabha - House of the People
Nehru’s Congress Party would dominate the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and he as Prime Minister from

20. Federal System
The Panchayat System
Village Councils

21. India’s Congress Party Leadership
Nehru would be succeeded by his daughter Indira Gandhi (no relation) who ruled until her assassination in 1984
Followed by her son Rajiv Gandhi who was Prime Minister until his assassination in 1989.
Indira Gandhi
Prime Minister, CP ,
Rajiv Gandhi
Prime Minister, CP

22. Politics and the Economy
The administration of India under the Congress party was characterized by economic hardship.
India adopted socialistic state controlled economic practices, import-substitution policies, and generally regarded market economics with suspicion.
This changed with the election of Congress party Prime Minister VPN Rao in 1991 who began the reversal of decades of CP policy, switching to export-led growth and improving relations with the west.
P. V. N. Rao
Prime Minister, CP

23. Politics and Society
There are important linguistic and cultural divisions between the Northern Hindus and southern Dravidians.

24. There are also ethnic/religious divisions with large muslim populations in Kashmir, Northern India, Bengali territory around Bangladesh, and in the southern Indian province of Kerala.

25. Religious Tension in India
There is also a large Sikh population in the Punjab region bordering Pakistan.
Ethnic and religious tensions between Hindu nationals, Sikhs, and Muslims have persisted with occasional mass violence, such as the destruction of the 16th century Babri Mosque in 1992 in Ayodhya.
Babri Mosque

26. Ethnic tensions in the 1990s ultimately led to the fall of the Congress party from Power in 1996 to a Hindu nationalist party, the Indian People’s Party or BJP led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
During BJP rule, both India and Pakistan went officially nuclear and tensions between the two countries mounted.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Prime Minister, BJP
1996,

27. India Goes Nuclear

28. Current Indian Leadership – Return of Congress Party
Opposition to the BJP was led by Sonia Gandhi, Italian born wife of former Congress Party leader Rajiv Gandhi.
The Congress Party scored a major victory against the BJP in 2004 parliamentary elections.
Sonia Gandhi
Congress Party Leader

29. Opposition to foreign born Sonia Gandhi led to the appointment of Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.
Singh would be the first Sikh prime minister in India’s history.
Manmoham Singh
Prime Minister, CP
2004-present

30. President of India
Head of State, Largely symbolic
Prime Minister is head of government
Pranab Mukerjee
President of India

31. Political Parties
2004 General Election
Indian National Congress
Indian People’s Party-BJP

32. Government Institutions
Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

33. Conditions for Democracy in India
Some support democracy (state institutions, elite commitment, middle class, etc.)
Figurehead Presidency, Two chamber parliament, well developed bureaucracy (Indian Administrative Service, military and police forces), Supreme Court, Federal System, panchayat (village council) system, major political parties

34. While others create severe problems for democracy, especially massive poverty (300 million) and religious and ethno-linguistic heterogeneity
Will India’s democracy survive? (elites committed to democracy? National unity? National wealth? Private enterprise? Middle class? Support for disadvantaged? Civic participation, civil society, democratic political culture? Education and freedom of information? Favorable international environment?

35. PAKISTAN

36. India Before and After Partition
1947 – End of British Rule in India, Partition, Creation of East and West Pakistan. Mass migration of Muslims and Hindus across borders begin. Riots and clashes over disputed territory (Kashmir)

37. Disputed Kashmir

38. Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Father of Pakistan
1948 – Jinnah dies, Pakistan suffers from decade of instability, ethnic divisions, Sunni/Shia divisions, poverty, lack of national identity

40. Military Rule
1958 – General Ayub Khan seizes power in a military coup. Attempted to build a secular state. Undermined by Bengali separatists in East Pakistan
General Ayub Khan

41. Military Rule
General Yahya Khan
1969 –General Yahya Kahn assumes power.
Sends troops to put down Bengali insurrection in East Pakistan.
A brokered peace led to the transformation of East Pakistan into the independent state Bangladesh.
Yahya Khan steps down under pressure.

42. Attempt at Democracy
1971 – Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, head of the Pakistan People’s Party, elected President.
Attempts to democratize Pakistan, however, failed, and his rule became more autocratic and corrupt.
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

43. Islamization and Military Rule
General Zia ul-Haq
1977 – military coup led by General Zia ul-Haq forces Bhutto to step down.
1979-Bhutto is tried and hanged
Zia allowed Islamic radicalism to spread within the army.
Provided US funding to Afghanistan mujahedeen against the Soviet invasion and occupation.
1988- General Zia killed in a plane crash along with the American ambassador to Pakistan and a US general.

44. Attempt at Democratization
1988 – elections following Zia’s death lead to Benazir Bhutto becoming prime minister.
Her government was short-lived. Attempts to curb military power and democratize Pakistan failed.
Benazir Bhutto

45. 1990 – Bhutto was succeeded by Nawaz Sharif, head of the Pakistan Muslim League, who becomes Bhutto’s chief political rival for the next decade.
Sharif holds power until 1993, when Bhutto is reelected, only to be defeated again in 1997 by Sharif.
Charges of corruption were common during periods of civilian rule. Democratic institutions in Pakistan remained weak.
Nawaz Sharif

46. Pakistan Goes Nuclear - 1998
Nuclear program began in 1970s under leadership of A Q Khan “father of the bomb” in Pakistan.
In 2004, Khan admits to supplying North Korea with key technologies and materials for weapons production.
He has never stood trial.
Abdul Qadeer Khan

47. Back to Military Rule
Pervez Musharraf
1999 – Sharif ousted by military coup led by Pervez Musharraf.
Both Bhutto and Sharif fled/expelled from Pakistan.
Musharraf attempted to return secularization to the Pakistani army.

48. Islamic Extremism
Following September 11, 2001, Musharraf becomes key ally of the United States in the war on terrorism despite fierce opposition from radical Islamic groups within Pakistan.
His attempts to crack down on Islamic extremists in Pakistan lead to violence and unrest. Pakistani society becomes more radicalized rather than more secular.

49. Attempt at Democratization
Benazir Bhutto
moments before assassination
2008 – Under pressure, Musharraf allows Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif return to Pakistan to take part in parliamentary elections.
Bhutto is assassinated shortly after returning.
Bhutto’s Pakistan People’s Party and Sharif’s Pakistan Muslim League won the majority of votes and share power in a unity government.

50. Toward Democracy?
2008- Musharraf forced to resign Presidency
Benazir Bhutto’s husband,
Asif Ali Zardari appointed
President by Pakistani Parliament
Asif Ali Zardari

51. Major Issues Facing Pakistan
Political Instability at Home
Position on the War on Terrorism
Relations with India
Islam and Democratization
Power of the military vs. civilian rulers

52. Pakistani Parliament House

53. Supreme Court
Pakistani Military
Pakistan People’s Party
Benazir Bhutto
Pakistan Muslim League-Sharif
Pakistan Muslim League-Musharaf

54. 2008 Parliamentary Elections

55. Federal System

56. Al Qaeda/Taliban in Pakistan

57. Religious Extremism