1. The Early Industrial and Transportation Revolution

2. Resourcefulness & Experimentation  Americans were willing to try anything for economic advantage.  They were first copiers, then innovators.  Americans were willing to try anything for economic advantage.  They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “ 1800  41 patents were approved. 1860  4,357 “ “ “

3. Results of Industrialization  Productivity Increases  Household Income Increases  Prices Decrease  Overall Standards of living improve

4. Removed cotton seed from cotton fiber. Mass production of cotton Cotton becomes major export and national commodity for US By 1860’s cotton accounted for more than ½ of the US economy The invention which changed the South, cotton and slavery.

5. Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine  Cotton gin invented in 1793  50 times more effective than hand picking  Raising cotton more profitable  South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton” HNew England factories flourish with Southern cotton HSouthern farmers become wealthy

6. Interchangeable Parts Whitney is also noted for the concept of mass production and interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles. Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.

7. H 1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. H The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930. H 1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel. H The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation from 1808 through 1930.

8. Henry Miller Shreve and the Improved Steamboat  Shreve designed a steamboat, the Heliopolis, that had a jaw-like device on its bow to pick up and remove snags to a sawmill on the boat's deck.  Double-Boiler Design of Engine

9. John Deere & the Steel Plow

10. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper

11. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine Perfected by Singer Gave boost to northern industry Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry Led many women into factories

12. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph “WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”

13. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

15. Westward Movement  Americans marched quickly toward west  very hard w/ disease & loneliness  Frontier people were individualistic, superstitious & ill-informed  Westward movement molded environment  tobacco exhausted land  “Kentucky blue grass” thrived

16. 5.3 million Population Growth from 1620 to 1860

21. City growth Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by 1850

22. The March of the Millions  High birthrate accounted for population growth  Population doubling every 25 years  Near 1850s, millions of Irish, German came  Beginning in 1830, immigration in the US soared

25. Irish Immigration  Irish Potato Famine 1845-1849  Main ports of entry – New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Boston  Irish were too poor to move inland and farm so they stayed in the cities  Boston did not particularly like the Irish – catholic, illiterate, poor  “No Irish need apply!”  Ancient Order of Hibernians  Benevolent society to help Irish  Spawned “Molly Maguires” (miners union)  Gradually improved and became active politically  NY’s Tammany Hall, Irish political machine

26. German Immigration  Most Germans came due to crop failures  Germans better off than Irish, came west, many to Wisconsin  A few were political refugees from collapse of democratic revolutions in 1848  German contributions include Kentucky rifle, Christmas tree, kindergarten, and abolitionists  Some Americans were suspicious because they tried to preserve language, culture and lived in separate communities, and drank beer

27. Sources of Immigration, 1820-40

28. Sources of Immigration, 1840-60

29. Settlements of Immigrants Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston Germans would settle in Midwest

30. Early Nativism  American “nativists” feared 1840s & 1850s invasion of immigrants  Took jobs, grew Roman Catholicism  Catholics built their own schools, were #1 denomination by 1850  1849: Nativists form Order of the Star-Spangled Banner, developed into “Know-Nothing” party  Wanted immigration restrictions  Nativists occasionally violent, burned Boston convent (1834)  Philadelphia Irish fought back, 13 killed in several days of fighting (1844)

31.  A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production  Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories  Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S.  Beginning of US Factory System  US slow to embrace factory system  Scarce labor  Little capital  Superiority of British factories

32. HPromote nationalism was internal improvements to unite the US. Transportation system of roads, canals, steamships and rivers. 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of transportation 1860, the railroad is added HProvide economic growth Americans buying American goods American self-sufficiency. Protective tariff (allows US factories to grow) 2 nd Bank of the United States H3 Sections working together to build the country Henry Clay, Congressmen from Kentucky John C. Calhoun, US Senator from South Carolina

33. Economy Leader __________ Role of Government NORTHEAST Business and ManufacturingBusiness and Manufacturing Daniel Webster ____________Daniel Webster ____________ Wanted TariffsWanted Tariffs Backed internal improvementsBacked internal improvements Wanted end to cheap public landWanted end to cheap public land Increasingly nationalisticIncreasingly nationalistic Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.Against Slavery and believed the U.S. Govt. must abolish it.

34. SOUTH Cotton growingCotton growing John C. CalhounJohn C. Calhoun_____________ Opposed tariffs and government spending on American SystemOpposed tariffs and government spending on American System Increasingly supportive of states’ rightsIncreasingly supportive of states’ rights Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it. Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

35. WEST Frontier agricultureFrontier agriculture Henry ClayHenry Clay_____________ Supported internal improvementsSupported internal improvements Wanted cheap landWanted cheap land Loyal to the U.S. Govt.Loyal to the U.S. Govt. Against slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issueAgainst slavery but some supported letting the people decide the slavery issue Economy Leader __________ Role of Government

36. Principal Canals in 1840

39. Highways  Bad roads made transportation highly unreliable  The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832  Connected Maryland to Illinois.  Built by US government

40. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

41. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

42. Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and the infant industry. Because of the British blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for internal transportation improvements.

43. The Railroad Revolution,1850s  1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy  Americans demanded transcontinental railroad to California.  Completed by 1869.

45. Pioneer Railroad Promoters  1800 to 1850: Roads, canals, navigable rivers with steamboats were the main modes of transportation.  1850 to 1860, RR proved most significant development toward national economy  Competition between Railroads and Canals  Obstacles  opposition from canal backers  danger of fire  poor brakes  difference in track gauge meant changing trains

47. Map rr

48. Effects of the Transportation Revolution  1860-61, Pony Express connected East-West  Telegraph instantly sent messages across US  Attraction of many large capital investments and encouraged risk taking in the US economy  People moved faster and country expanded  Unifying spirit among fellow country men  A need for a transcontinental railroad that connected east to west

49. Telegraph revolutionized communication Would replace the Pony Express by 1861

50. Trails

51. Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry. Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill of its day "Father of the American Factory System." Samuel Slater was the "Father of the American Factory System."

52. Early Textile Loom

53. The Lowell Mills  Americans beat the British at their own game, made better factories  Francis C Lowell (a British “traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody  Together they improved the mill and invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing

54. The Lowell System Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832  Young New England farm girls  Supervised on and off the job  Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day  Escorted to church on Sunday

55. Women & the Economy  1850: 10% of white women working for pay outside home  Vast majority of working women were single  Left paying jobs upon marriage  “Cult of domesticity”  Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker  Empowers married women  Increased power & independence of women in home led to decline in family size

56. Workers & Wage Slaves  With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed  Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.  Labor unions illegal  1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10

57. Workers & Wage Slaves  1820s & 1830s: right to vote for laborers  Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved conditions  Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better conditions  1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day  1837 depression hurt union membership  Commonwealth v. Hunt  Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal conspiracies as long as they were peaceful

58. 1830s, Industrialization grew throughout the North… Southern cotton shipped to Northern textile mills was a good working relationship.