1. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Twelve Preventing Infectious Diseases

2. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 7 Pathogens (Disease Producing Agents) 1. Viruses 2. Prion 3. Bacteria 4. Fungi 5. Protozoa 6. Rickettsia 7. Parasitic worms

3. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chain of Infection Figure 12-1

4. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 5 Stages of an Infection 1. Incubation 2. Prodromal 3. Clinical 4. Decline 5. Recovery

5. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Mechanical and Cellular Body Defenses

6. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immune Response Figure 12-2

7. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immunizations Immunizations Diptheria Diptheria Hepatitis B Hepatitis B Whooping cough Whooping cough Haemophilus influenza B Haemophilus influenza B Tetanus Tetanus 90% of children receive the following under the age of 2 years:

8. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Immunizations (cont’d) Immunizations (cont’d) Rubella (German measles) Rubella (German measles) Measles (red measles) Measles (red measles) Mumps Mumps Polio Polio Chicken pox Chicken pox Pneumonia related infections Pneumonia related infections 90% of children receive the following at the age of 2 years:

9. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Causes and Management of Selected Infectious Diseases 1. The common cold (acute rhinitis) 2. Influenza 3. Tuberculosis 4. Pneumonia 5. Mononucleosis 6. Chronic fatigue syndrome

10. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Causes and Management of Selected Infectious Diseases (cont’d) Bacterial meningitis Bacterial meningitis Lyme disease Lyme disease Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E Hepatitis A,B,C,D,E West Niles Virus West Niles Virus SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome) SARS (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

11. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Most devastatingly infectious disease of modern times Most devastatingly infectious disease of modern times Over 816,149 Americans have been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec. 2001] Over 816,149 Americans have been diagnosed with AIDS [Dec. 2001] Cause – virus that attacks helper T-cells of the immune system Cause – virus that attacks helper T-cells of the immune system HIV/AIDS

12. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Spread via Spread via bloodblood semensemen vaginal secretionsvaginal secretions Not transmitted by saliva, sweat, or tears Not transmitted by saliva, sweat, or tears Most HIV positive people are asymptomatic Most HIV positive people are asymptomatic HIV/AIDS

13. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. HIV/AIDS Symptoms Eventually the following may appear (HIV with symptoms) Eventually the following may appear (HIV with symptoms) tirednesstiredness feverfever loss of appetite/weightloss of appetite/weight diarrheadiarrhea night sweatsnight sweats swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin)swollen glands (neck, armpit, groin)

14. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Diagnosis of HIV Infection 1. ELISA (enzyme-link immunosorbent assay) 2. Western blot 3. Home tests (Home Access, Confide)

15. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treatment for HIV/AIDS No cure at this time No cure at this time Combination drugs reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors; both assist the body by disallowing replication of the virus in various cycles Combination drugs reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors; both assist the body by disallowing replication of the virus in various cycles HARRT (highly active antiretroviral therapy) HARRT (highly active antiretroviral therapy)

16. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Prevention of HIV Infection Abstaining from sexual activity Abstaining from sexual activity Monogamy Monogamy Using condoms with chemical barrier Using condoms with chemical barrier Sobriety Sobriety Regular STD check-ups Regular STD check-ups Never share needles Never share needles Avoid unprotected anal intercourse Avoid unprotected anal intercourse

17. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Other Prevalent STD’s Chlamydia Chlamydia HPV HPV Gonorrhea Gonorrhea Herpes simplex Herpes simplex Syphilis Syphilis Pubic lice Pubic lice Yeast and protozoa infections (vagina) Yeast and protozoa infections (vagina) Cystitis/urethritis Cystitis/urethritis

18. © 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Twelve Preventing Infectious Diseases