1. TEST FIVE NOTES Mon 9/23/13

2. World History Standard 7 The student will analyze European medieval society with regard to culture, politics, society, and economics.

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION  What began the tie between the Church and the Franks?  Catholic

4. early 700’s AD Charles Martel ruler Frankish empire. 732 Muslims invaded Spain Charles Martel cavalry Tours in central France. early 700’s AD Charles Martel ruler Frankish empire. 732 Muslims invaded Spain Charles Martel cavalry Tours in central France.

5. drove Muslims southward toward Spain. Franks won but realized danger of another Muslim attack. drove Muslims southward toward Spain. Franks won but realized danger of another Muslim attack.

6. Charles Martel died in 741, son Pepin III (Pepin the Short) kingdom. Pepin III king of all of France Pope of the Catholic church to crown him. Charles Martel died in 741, son Pepin III (Pepin the Short) kingdom. Pepin III king of all of France Pope of the Catholic church to crown him.

7. In 754, Pope Stephen III crowned Pepin III “King by the grace of God”. precedent. future Popes decided power to name and overthrow kings.

8. soon after Pepin led his army Italy Germanic tribe Lombard’s. threatening city Rome Pope was worried they would overthrow Rome. soon after Pepin led his army Italy Germanic tribe Lombard’s. threatening city Rome Pope was worried they would overthrow Rome.

9. defeated Lombard’s gave the pope the land the Lombard’s had claimed. Donation of Pepin created the Papal States or the Vatican. defeated Lombard’s gave the pope the land the Lombard’s had claimed. Donation of Pepin created the Papal States or the Vatican.

10. Charlemagne was the son of Pepin III. Charlemagne was king of the Franks from 768 – 814 and he is considered one of the greatest rulers in history.

11. Charlemagne spent much of his life at war. He defeated the Lombard’s again in Italy and the Saxons in northern Germany.

12. Avars, nomadic people - Huns, drove the Muslims back into Spain - small strip of Spain for the Franks. never conquer all of Muslim Spain. Avars, nomadic people - Huns, drove the Muslims back into Spain - small strip of Spain for the Franks. never conquer all of Muslim Spain.

13. Christmas 800 AD Charlemagne knelt in worship St Peter’s Church - Rome. pope Leo III - placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and declared him the Emperor of the Romans. Christmas 800 AD Charlemagne knelt in worship St Peter’s Church - Rome. pope Leo III - placed a crown on Charlemagne’s head and declared him the Emperor of the Romans.

14. had nothing to do Frankish/Roman Empires, Charlemagne was regarded as highly as the emperors of Rome emphasized the tie between the Franks and the Catholic Church. had nothing to do Frankish/Roman Empires, Charlemagne was regarded as highly as the emperors of Rome emphasized the tie between the Franks and the Catholic Church.

15. Charlemagne’s empire divided into several regions region was ruled by a count. Each count formed armies and governed their land.  feudalism

16. Charlemagne’s capital was at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen, Germany) but he traveled throughout his kingdom.

17. Charlemagne died his empire divided into three parts ruled by 3 of his grandsons, never learned to work together Frankish Empire was invaded by several groups. Charlemagne died his empire divided into three parts ruled by 3 of his grandsons, never learned to work together Frankish Empire was invaded by several groups.

18. ESSENTIAL QUESTION 9/24 Tue  How did Charlemagne impact Europe?

19. A. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance of Charlemagne. C. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

20. Holy Roman Empire 324 - Constantine creates capital in Byzantium (Anatolia) Constantine / Maximian Constantinople.

21. 799 – attempt on Pope’s life Leo III - meets w/ Charlemagne 800 – son heir, proclaims Charlemagne Emperor Emperor Holy Roman Empire protection of Pope

22. Charlemagne – basically creates French and German monarchies. Father of Europe

23. Constantinople v Rome 2 rulers & two churches Pope & Patriarch Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox Latin Speaking West Greek Speaking East

24. Medieval Germany – Otto I (Otto the Great) 936 AD close alliance w/ church Pope John XII 962 controlled Italy and given title of emperor by Pope

25. German-Italian empire 1 st called Roman Empire of the German Nation Holy Roman Empire – strongest state in Europe until 1100’s

26. most feared of these invaders Scandinavia. Called themselves Vikings. English - Danes, and other groups called them Northmen or the Norse. most feared of these invaders Scandinavia. Called themselves Vikings. English - Danes, and other groups called them Northmen or the Norse.

27. 800’s - Vikings invaded the Frankish Empire and other parts of Europe. A large group settled in northern France name Normandy. The French word for Northmen was Normans. 800’s - Vikings invaded the Frankish Empire and other parts of Europe. A large group settled in northern France name Normandy. The French word for Northmen was Normans.

28. political system - continent of Europe called Feudalism. began when local lords had to govern their own lands since there was no central government. political system - continent of Europe called Feudalism. began when local lords had to govern their own lands since there was no central government.

29. wanting protection from possible invasions, would give their land to larger landowners. In return they were granted the use of the land, but had to provide troops for the larger landowner.

30. The person who granted the land was the Lord and the one who held land in return for services was a Vassal.

31. Wed 9/25 EQ - How did Feudalism change the European way-of-life?

32. The vassal had more obligations. provide a certain number of fully equipped cavalrymen and foot soldiers and agreed to pay their expenses. Military service was usually limited to 40 days per year.

33. Another obligation of a vassal consisted of feudal aids – special payments to help cover extraordinary expenses of the lord. - ransom if the lord were captured in war. Another obligation of a vassal consisted of feudal aids – special payments to help cover extraordinary expenses of the lord. - ransom if the lord were captured in war.

34. also expected to house and feed the lord and his companions for a certain number of days a year, to attend ceremonies such as a wedding of a lords daughter, and to serve on the lords court as a minister of justice. also expected to house and feed the lord and his companions for a certain number of days a year, to attend ceremonies such as a wedding of a lords daughter, and to serve on the lords court as a minister of justice.

35. The grant of land was called a fief. The Latin word for fief is Feudum, from which comes the word feudal. In time the fief became hereditary.

36. In order to understand the relationship between Lord and Vassal you need to remember three things:

37. 1. It was an honorable relationship between legal equals. Only nobles could be vassals. In theory even the Lords were vassals to the King.

38. 2. The same man might be both Vassal and Lord. Vassal to a more powerful Lord above him, and Lord to a less powerful vassal below him.

39. 3. It was a very personal relationship. Each mans loyalties were owed only to the Lord directly above him, or the vassal directly below him.

40. Feudal justice was quite different from the Roman ideas of justice. Decisions at trials were made in one of three ways:

41. 1. Trial by battle. The accused and the accuser, or men representing them, fought a duel. The outcome determined guilt or innocence.

42. 2. Compurgation -, or oath taking. The accused and the accuser each gathered a group of people who swore that their man was telling the truth. Compurgators (the oath takers) were similar to the character witnesses of today’s trials. Then the judges decided. 2. Compurgation -, or oath taking. The accused and the accuser each gathered a group of people who swore that their man was telling the truth. Compurgators (the oath takers) were similar to the character witnesses of today’s trials. Then the judges decided.

43. 3. Ordeal – the accused carried a piece of hot iron in his hand, or walked through fire, or plunged his arm in a pot of boiling water to pick up a hot stone. If his wounds healed quickly he was judged innocent, if not he was guilty.

44. Fri – 9/27 ESSENTIAL QUESTION  What was life like in the Middle Ages?

45. Christian missionaries first arrived in Ireland in the 400’s. St Patrick was the best known. He began his work there in 432.

46. 600 AD missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory I. Eventually all of England accepted Christianity. The first missionary to England was Augustine. 600 AD missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory I. Eventually all of England accepted Christianity. The first missionary to England was Augustine.

47. The economic basis of early medieval life was a large estate that included a village. This was called a manor. Most manors produced their own food, clothing, and leather goods. Very few items were imported in (iron, tar, etc.)

48. Each manor was run by a lord. And he had peasants to work the fields. The peasants paid for the use of the land by giving the lord part of their crops and by working his land too.

49. They also performed other services on the manor and paid taxes. A typical manor village had houses along a single street. The manor house or castle stood a distance away.

50. The village was usually located on a stream that furnished water power for its mill. The land from the manor extended out from the village. This land included vegetable plots, cultivated fields, pastures and forests.

51. The cultivated land of the manor was divided into three large fields for growing grain. Only 2 of the fields were planted each year to give one time to become fertile again. (lie fallow)

52. Middle Ages think of luxurious castles and knights in shining armor. Daily life peasant hard long hours spent in the fields. Middle Ages think of luxurious castles and knights in shining armor. Daily life peasant hard long hours spent in the fields.

53. Food – poor coarse black bread, cabbage, a few vegetables, cheese, and eggs. Meat was rarely eaten. The average life expectancy was around 40 years.

54. nobility was not really luxurious A castle fortified home - lord base for protecting the surrounding countryside. picture a castle as a large stone structure, but this type of castle was not built until the later Middle Ages. nobility was not really luxurious A castle fortified home - lord base for protecting the surrounding countryside. picture a castle as a large stone structure, but this type of castle was not built until the later Middle Ages.

55. Most early castles were made of earth and wood. They were built for defense, not for comfort. They were located on hills or in other places that made them hard to attack.

56. What was life like in the Middle Ages?

57. If the castle had to be built on flat countryside a moat surrounded the outer walls. The gate to the courtyard inside the walls was reached by a drawbridge across the moat.

58. The main part of the castle was called the keep, a strong tower that contained storeroom, barracks, and workshops, a well as the lords living quarters. In the great hall the lord received visitors.

59. where the family lived during the day. The lord and his family usually had their own bedroom, but everyone else in the castle slept in the great hall with little privacy. There was not much furniture, the thick walls made the rooms dark, damp and chilly. where the family lived during the day. The lord and his family usually had their own bedroom, but everyone else in the castle slept in the great hall with little privacy. There was not much furniture, the thick walls made the rooms dark, damp and chilly.

60. Chickens, dogs and other small animals ran everywhere. The floors were covered with straw that usually was filthy. Most of the lords day was spent looking after his estate.

61. 1100’s feudal society changed development of chivalry a code for knights. French word cheval - horse usually mounted on horseback 1100’s feudal society changed development of chivalry a code for knights. French word cheval - horse usually mounted on horseback

62. early days - becoming a knight simple. noble, proving himself in battle, knighted, other knight. process became more complex. early days - becoming a knight simple. noble, proving himself in battle, knighted, other knight. process became more complex.

63. 2 preliminary stages of training supervised - knight. 7 a boy (noble) page, learning knightly manners and beginning training use of weapons.

64. early teens - squire, a knight’s assistant. both manners and weapons knight’s horses, armor, weapons, and clothing. early teens - squire, a knight’s assistant. both manners and weapons knight’s horses, armor, weapons, and clothing.

65. he accompanied the knight in battle to prove himself initiated into knighthood in an elaborate religious ceremony lasted days he accompanied the knight in battle to prove himself initiated into knighthood in an elaborate religious ceremony lasted days

66. Chivalry required - be brave, even foolishly brave. He had to fight fairly - rules. Tricks and strategy - cowardly. loyal to his friends, keep his word, and treat conquered foes gallantly.

67. courteous to women. his own class. behavior was often coarse and arrogant. courteous to women. his own class. behavior was often coarse and arrogant.

68. ESSENTIAL QUESTION  How did the hierarchy of the Church affect political and economic issues in the Middle Ages?

69. THE CHURCH  clergy – place in hierarchy - organized in ranks according to their powers and responsibilities. The levels of the hierarchy (starting at the bottom) were:

70. 1.the parish priest – peasant origin, little education. hardest working and poorest clergy members. hardly distinguished from the peasants

71. But in a sense- most important conducted church services parish (church). worked with/ counsel them.

72. 2. the bishop – diocese - parishes. administered the sacraments appointed and removed local parish priests and managed church property in the diocese.

73. choice of the bishop was usually controlled by the king or a great noble. Emperor Holy Roman Empire frequently chosen for their family connections. Younger son political move choice of the bishop was usually controlled by the king or a great noble. Emperor Holy Roman Empire frequently chosen for their family connections. Younger son political move

74. Lay investiture - appointed part of secular government appointed by Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

75. In 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture infuriated Emperor Henry IV w/ support of German bishops demanded Gregory VII resign

76. Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV German bishops changed sides Jan. 1077 – Henry crossed Alps and went to Canossa – castle to see Pope.

77. humble / beg for forgiveness – 3 days ended his excommunication humble / beg for forgiveness – 3 days ended his excommunication

78. 3. the archbishop – diocese himself and all of the powers of a bishop, plus he had some authority over the other dioceses and bishops in his province.

79. He could bring other bishops together to decide questions of church belief and policy.

80. 4. Cardinals - appointed by the Pope most important members are the Curia. advise the Pope on legal and spiritual matters.

81. Cardinals also are responsible for electing a new Pope. Cardinals also are responsible for electing a new Pope.

82. 5.The retired Pope #266 Benedict XVI – April 19, 2005

83. Pope #267 Pope Francis 3/13/2013

84. Pope - comes from the Latin word papa meaning father. ultimate leader of the church his decisions can’t be challenged Vatican City -1929 Pope - comes from the Latin word papa meaning father. ultimate leader of the church his decisions can’t be challenged Vatican City -1929

85. ESSENTIAL QUESTION  How did the Crusades affect both Europe and the Muslim world?

86. For centuries, Christian pilgrims & European traders – no problems. During the 1,000’s - Seljuk Turks. war-like people adopted the Muslim faith not tolerant

87. control of Palestine attacked Asia Minor threatened - city of Constantinople Byzantine emperor appealed Pope control of Palestine attacked Asia Minor threatened - city of Constantinople Byzantine emperor appealed Pope

88. asked - soldiers to defend his city and regain the territories he had lost to the Seljuk Turks. asked - soldiers to defend his city and regain the territories he had lost to the Seljuk Turks.

89. Turks - less tolerant of other religions than the Arabs had been. Christian pilgrims were being persecuted and trade routes were shut-off.

90. emperors plea for help noticed Pope Urban II regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. emperors plea for help noticed Pope Urban II regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.

91. 1095 he called a great meeting of the Church leaders and French nobles at Clermont, France. 1095 he called a great meeting of the Church leaders and French nobles at Clermont, France.  Franks

92. urged the feudal nobles to stop warring with each other and defeat the Muslims. His battle cry was “God Wills It” urged the feudal nobles to stop warring with each other and defeat the Muslims. His battle cry was “God Wills It”

93. sewed a cross of cloth on their garments were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata meaning “marked with a cross”. sewed a cross of cloth on their garments were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata meaning “marked with a cross”.

94. People joined the Crusades for different reasons. The pope promised both heavenly and earthly rewards.  Heavenly – spiritual  Earthly - secular

95. 1. All the sins of a crusader were forgiven. 2. If he died on the Crusades he went straight to heaven.

96. 3. While away at war, his property and family were guaranteed protection by the church. 4. A debtor who joined the crusades had his debts cancelled.

97. 5. A criminals freed 6. Knights were inspired with the lure of land and the riches that could be found in Asia. 7. Merchants saw a chance to make money.

98. 8. Younger sons of nobles saw a way to gain land and a title. 9. Priests and bishops saw a chance to convert non-believers.

99. 10. Some church leaders saw it as a chance to rise in rank and status.

100. EQ: HOW DID THE CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH EUROPE AND ASIA?

101. The Crusades  were based on religious beliefs, but they were also appealing to those with a love of adventure and a wish to prosper.

102. 1 st CRUSADE  The first crusade lasted 1096- 1099. led by French and Norman nobles. In 3 organized armies they moved across Europe to Constantinople. Byzantine emperor was nervous  unprepared

103. garments of wool and leather and their heavy armor, the crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because of a shortage of pack animals, supplies of food and water were inadequate. garments of wool and leather and their heavy armor, the crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because of a shortage of pack animals, supplies of food and water were inadequate.

104. leaders quarreled over lands they captured. If Turks had been united the crusade would have failed. crusaders captured Antioch and marched toward Jerusalem. Conditions improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast toward Palestine. leaders quarreled over lands they captured. If Turks had been united the crusade would have failed. crusaders captured Antioch and marched toward Jerusalem. Conditions improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast toward Palestine.

105. Fleets of ships from the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa brought them reinforcements and supplies. The crusaders captured Jerusalem after a short battle and slaughtered the Muslim inhabitants in a terrible massacre.

106. In the Middle East the crusaders set up four small states :1. the county of Edessa 2. the Principality of Antioch. 3. the county of Tripoli 4. the kingdom of Jerusalem

107. Second Crusade  began in 1147 after the Turks recaptured the city of Edessa and threatened the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this crusade King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led armies to the Holy Land.

108. It was a failure. The armies of the two monarchs met many misfortunes on the march to the Holy Land. They fought separately and did not join forces until they reached Damascus, which was held by the Turks. The two armies failed to capture the city, and returned home after just 2 years.

109. THIRD CRUSADE  in 1187 the news reached Europe that Jerusalem had been recaptured by the Muslim leader Saladin. Europe’s response was the 3rd Crusade. From 1189 – 1192, it was called the Crusade of the Three Kings.

110. King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Phillip Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barborossa of the Holy Roman Empire each started out at the head of a great army to regain the Holy Land. Again there was failure.

111. Barbarossa drowned on the way and most of his army turned back. Phillip and Richard quarreled and Phillip took his army home and seized English lands in France.

112. Several times Richard might have gained the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem by diplomacy, but he preferred military adventure. This crusade accomplished little but an estimated 300,000 Christians and Muslims died in this war.

113. EQ: HOW DID THE CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH EUROPE AND ASIA?

114. FOURTH CRUSADE  Pope Innocent III persuaded a group of French knights to go on the 4th Crusade in 1202. The city-state of Venice agreed to provide transportation, but the cost was too high for the crusaders to pay.

115. Then the Venetians offered to lower the cost of transporting the crusaders if they agreed to attack the city of Zara, a city on the Adriatic coast. Zara was Christian but a rival to Venice for trade.

116. The Crusaders captured Zara, and Pope Innocent III excommunicated the entire army for attacking a Christian city. So the crusaders planned an attack on Constantinople. It too was Christian but offered many riches for its owners.

117. In 1204 the crusaders captured Constantinople, but it fell to the Turks for the last time in 1453. There were additional crusades but historians disagree on how many.

118. It was actually a continuous process from 1096 – 1291. It was a constant flow of crusaders heading toward the Holy Land, but they soon lost their appeal.

119. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES  from a military standpoint they were a failure. However the Europeans learned about many things of military importance including the crossbow and use of carrier pigeons to transport messages.

120. From the Byzantines they learned such new siege tactics as the undermining of walls and the use of catapults to hurl stones. They also learned of gunpowder. The status of women changed.

121. With their husbands gone to war many wives took over the management of feudal estates. Europeans were influenced by the ideas that were exchanged. They were introduced to spices, rice, sugar, lemons, apricots, and melons.

122. THE RENAISSANCE  In around 1350 a movement to revive the interest in the classical learning of Rome and Greece began in Italy. It was known as the Renaissance, a French word meaning rebirth.

123. The most important cities of the Renaissance were Florence, Rome and Venice. In these cities (especially Florence) an intellectual movement called humanism developed.

124. These Italian scholars stressed the study of grammar, rhetoric, history, and poetry, using classical texts. These studies were called the humanities, and those who studied them were called humanists.

125. The founder of humanism was Francesco Petrarch of Florence. Petrarch stressed the teachings of the ancient Romans. He felt they were the best example of ethical behavior. He was also deeply committed to Christian teachings.

126. Probably the most famous of Italian Renaissance writers is Niccolo Machiavelli of Florence. In 1513 he wrote the famous essay called The Prince which described government as it actually worked.

127. In 1516 an English humanist named Thomas More published a book entitled Utopia. In it he criticized society and described his ideal society. In the late 1500’s and early 1600’s William Shakespeare wrote plays in England. In 1516 an English humanist named Thomas More published a book entitled Utopia. In it he criticized society and described his ideal society. In the late 1500’s and early 1600’s William Shakespeare wrote plays in England.

128. World History Standard 9 The student will analyze change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation.

129. A. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli. B. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo.

130. EQ - What is a Renaissance Man?

131. Another Humanist was Dante. He was exiled from Florence for not appearing in court to defend himself against allegations that he did not commit. If he returned he was to be burned alive. This had a major impact on his writings.

132. His most famous work is the Divine Comedy. In this Dante places many Florentine politicians and Catholic figures in various stages of Hell, levels of Purgatory, or even spheres of Heaven.

133. Erasmus – Christian Humanist from Holland. Wrote book called The Praise of Folly where he poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests

134. He believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies or rules. He said that in order to improve society all people should study the Bible

135. Another important aspect of the Renaissance was art. The most noticeable characteristic of Renaissance painting is its realism in representing natural life and forms. Renaissance painters admired roman culture.

136. Renaissance painters could make their art lifelike because they had learned a technique of painting called perspective. distant objects smaller - foreground arranging them in certain ways create the illusion of depth on a flat canvas.

137. Italian painters of the late 1400’s and early 1500’s displayed such genius that this period has been called the High Renaissance. Four of these great artists were:

138. Leonardo da Vinci – was a versatile man. He excelled in music, art, architecture and math and he was also a scientist. Studies of anatomy helped in drawing the human figure.

139. And he used mathematics to organize the space in his paintings. His mural “the Last Supper” is widely known. But probably his most famous painting is called the “Mona Lisa”.

140. Michelangelo Buonarroti (bwaw – nar-raw-tee) – he preferred sculpture to painting, and he created great stone carvings. He also painted murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican. He was also a poet, and an outstanding architect.

141. Raphael – was hired by the Pope to beautify the Vatican. He is also known for his Madonna’s – representations of the Virgin Mary. Titian – spent most of his life in Venice. He is known for his rich colors.