New Jersey Crossing Guard Training

New Jersey Crossing Guard Training

Safe routes to School Overview

Goals of Safe Routes to School
1. Where it’s safe, get kids walking and biking. 2. WHERE IT’S NOT SAFE, MAKE IT SAFE. Summary/Message: Safe Routes to School is a federally funded program The goal of SRTS is to get more kids walking and bicycling where it is safe and to fix conditions where it is not safe. The opportunity to bike and walk to school offers a solution to an array of concerns about traffic safety, traffic congestion, transportation costs, air pollution and lack of physical activity. At the same time, walking and bicycling to school provide an opportunity for children to build independence. Our goals are based on making that solution a reality.

Elements of SRTS programs
Education Encouragement Enforcement Engineering Evaluation Message: Safe Routes to School Programs employ the E’s – engineering, education, enforcement, and encouragement – to help achieve its goals. Evaluation is another element of the SRTS program and is used to identify what changes are happening while the program is underway. Image: Kilby Elementary, Woodbridge, VA provided by

SRTS Regional Coordinators
8 Regional SRTS Coordinators covering all 21 counties through Transportation Management Associations Assistance with SRTS programs & events Walk and bike to school events Walking school bus programs Youth bicycle & pedestrian education Direct technical assistance to communities School Travel Plans Assistance with grant funding Assistance with monitoring & evaluation Surveys that provide evaluation and feedback on local programs These coordinators are trained local experts. Contact them to help promote pedestrian and bicycle safety for students in your area!

Regional Coordinators Provide:
Visits to local communities & meetings with locals Assistance with School Travel Plans Assistance with walkability & bikeability assessments Assistance with SRTS events and activities Walk & bike to school events On-bike skills (bike rodeos) Safety assemblies Assistance with evaluation Help administering, collecting, and/or tabulating surveys Reporting to NJ SRTS Resource Center

NJ SRTS Resource Center
Website: SafeRoutesNJ.org Leigh Ann Von Hagen, AICP/PP Sean Meehan Catherine Bull New Jersey SRTS Help Desk The NJ SRTS Resource Center can provide other technical assistance to police departments and municipalities to help encourage children to walk and bike to school. Contact us!

Introduction Why We Need Crossing Guards Crossing Guard Safety
Goals of the Training Program Primary Responsibilities Shall, Should, May

Why We Need Crossing Guards
Children are encouraged to walk and bike to school, yet they are vulnerable to both their own physical and cognitive limitations and to hazardous road situations.

Leading causes of injury-related death for children ages 5 to 14 nationwide: 1. motor vehicle crashes 2. pedestrian injury Shift from 1969 and 2009: % walked or biked to school 12% driven to school % walked or biked to school 44% driven to school (U.S. DOT, 2009) Nationwide, pedestrian injury is the second leading cause of injury-related death for children ages 5 to 14 behind motor vehicle crashes. Although death and injury rates have declined dramatically for this group over the past four decades, this trend may reflect the decrease in the number of students walking to school. Between 1969 and 2009, the percentage of children aged 5-14 who walked and biked to school dropped from 48% to 13%. Children bused rose 1% to 39%, and the percentage of children driven to school rose from 12% to 44%. More cars on the road result in more hazards for pedestrians from distracted driving.

Until the age of 9 or 10, children lack the motor and cognitive skills required to safely navigate traffic situations. An estimated 30% of the time during which they are operating motor vehicles, drivers are distracted by activities such as cell phone use, texting, or eating. This lack of focus can lead to driving errors. Read slide. When children are walking and biking to school, they require assistance with crossing streets safely and learning appropriate street crossing behavior.

Crossing Guard Safety In New Jersey, between 1993 and 2012, 15 crossing guards were killed when struck by motor vehicles while at work. NJMEL: school crossing guard has become one of the more dangerous occupations in municipal government. 65% increase in crashes involving crossing guards between 1996 and 2006. NJMEL – New Jersey Municipal Excess Liability Insurance Fund is a governmental entity that provides excess insurance and services to 19 local Joint Insurance Funds (JIFs) representing over 60% of local governments in New Jersey including 383 municipalities, 74 utility authorities, and 90 housing authorities.

Crossing Guard Safety Between 1993 and 2010
892 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work 124 (14%) motor vehicle related injuries 768 (86%) slip, trip & fall injuries (Includes sprains, strains, fractures, dog bites, etc.) The crossing guards “office” is the roadway. Regular maintenance of crossing guard locations can reduce workplace injuries. Source: NJ Dept of Labor & Workforce Development Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses

Crossing Guard Safety Between 1993 and 2006:
Median days away from work for crossing guards almost always exceeded the statistic for all local government occupations combined. Median days away from work are a key measure of the severity of an injury or illness.

Goals of the Training Program
The principal goal of the training program is to teach candidate guards the procedures and techniques necessary to safely cross student pedestrians. Read slide

Goals of the Training Program
Upon completion of the course, crossing guards will: Understand the perspective of children in traffic Understand the major types of pedestrian crashes Understand the concept of being visible and noticeable Know how to communicate effectively with motorists Consistently use proper crossing techniques Encourage proper crossing behavior by students Deter students from committing unsafe acts Recognize hazardous conditions and other problems and know the proper reporting procedures Take proper actions in emergency situations Know the full extent of their responsibilities and limitations of their authority Exhibit professionalism Read slide.

Primary Responsibilities
The prime duty of school crossing guards is to assist children in crossing the street at assigned times and locations. Crossing Guards should provide safe crossings of the roadways. Crossing guards should model appropriate street skills and behavior for child pedestrians. Read slide.

Shall, Should, May Statements of practices that are considered required, mandatory, or specifically prohibitive use the verb “shall” or “must.” Statements of recommended, but not mandatory, practice use the verb “should.” Statements of optional practice that carry no requirement or recommendation use the verb “may.”

Characteristics of Young Children
Children do not naturally know how to be safe in traffic situations. Until the age of 9 or 10, children lack the motor and cognitive skills required to safely navigate traffic situations. They see and hear differently than adults do and they have limited ability to judge speed and distance. They do not have the same system of logic that an adult has. Note to Supervisor: The video “Children in Traffic” may be shown when discussing this topic. The video can be ordered from AAA at: The video is also available on Youtube at

Physical and cognitive abilities of children differ from the abilities of adults and may negatively affect crossing behavior. Children: narrower field of vision eye level is lower than an adult view may be easily blocked Children see differently than adults. They have a narrower field of vision, two-thirds that of an adult. In addition, their eye level is lower than that of an adult and their view may be more easily blocked. The crossing guard’s job is to see the danger that a child can not see. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Smaller in stature, not as easily seen by drivers Believe “if I can see it – it can see me.” Children are smaller in stature and are not as easily seen by drivers. However, children believe “if I can see it – it can see me” and may step into the street expecting traffic to stop. A driver’s sight lines of the sidewalk may be obscured by parked cars, vegetation, mail boxes, benches, etc. A child may not realize that approaching vehicles can not see him or her.

Children hear differently – they have difficulty determining source or direction of sounds Children hear differently; they cannot determine the source of sounds or direction of sounds. They may hear a car or truck but may not know what direction the vehicle is coming from and will step into a street. They may also be distracted with the sounds of children talking or horns honking. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

cannot judge motor vehicles speed & distance lack of traffic experience limits ability to perceive dangerous situations Children cannot judge speed and distance of motor vehicles. A child may see a car approaching but will not know if there is or is not time to cross the street safely. Their lack of traffic experience limits their ability to perceive dangerous situations. They may assume that a car will automatically stop at a crosswalk or once one car stops, all approaching cars will stop. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

concentrate on one thing at a time may not give street crossing full attention will complete any motion they start including crossing the street Children tend to focus on one thing at a time. This could be the ball they are bouncing or who they are going to play with after school. That one thought may not be the traffic they are crossing. In addition, a child’s focus can shift quickly from one thought to another, or from one object in the environment to another, such as from the approaching car to someone walking a dog. Children will complete any motion they start. If a child follows a bouncing ball into the street and sees a car approaching the child will tend to continue after the ball. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

can overestimate abilities are spontaneous & curious believe they can run faster or change direction than physically possible Children overestimate their abilities. They may believe that they can run faster or change direction faster than they physically can. This belief may cause them to take chances with oncoming traffic, for instance, running across the street even though they know a car is approaching. Children value near misses. They may dare to do something so that they can brag about it or just to test limits. For example, a child may step into a crosswalk as a car is approaching, essentially daring the vehicle to stop.

Children pattern actions after others, both good and bad If a child or adult practices poor behavior while crossing an intersection, other children learn that behavior. We see this most often when parents cross inappropriately and the child follow. The crossing guard must model proper crossing procedures each and every time children are crossing so that children know what is expected of them. Furthermore, crossing guards should model proper pedestrian behavior at all times and in all places. You never know who’s watching.

with education, children’s traffic skills can improve need assistance until they have gained competency With education, children’s traffic skills can improve. Until they have gained competency, they need assistance. Crossing guards provide this assistance and model appropriate crossing behavior.

Traffic Laws and Regulations
Stop and Stay Stopped Yield to Pedestrians Crosswalks Pedestrians and Vehicles Motor Vehicle Laws School Zone Pedestrian Laws Bicyclist Laws

Stop and Stay Stopped Motorists must stop and remain stopped to allow a pedestrian to cross the roadway within a marked crosswalk, when the pedestrian is upon, or within one lane of, the half of the roadway upon which the vehicle is traveling or onto which it is turning. Prior to April 2010, New Jersey law stated that motor vehicles must yield to pedestrians in crosswalks. In order to reduce confusion and clarify that yielding to pedestrians in a crosswalk requires the driver to stop their vehicle, the law was changed to educate drivers that they must stop and stay stopped for pedestrians in a marked crosswalk.

Yield to Pedestrian Motorists must yield the
right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing the roadway within any unmarked crosswalk at an intersection. Exceptions: At crosswalks when the movement of traffic is being regulated by police officers or traffic control signals, or Where otherwise regulated by municipal, county, or State regulation, and Where a pedestrian tunnel or overhead pedestrian crossing has been provided At an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, motorists must yield to pedestrians in the crosswalk. Every intersection has a crosswalk, whether marked or unmarked.

Crosswalk Defined Every intersection has a crosswalk whether marked or unmarked NJSA 39:1-1 The law clearly defines what a crosswalk is: 39:1-1: “Crosswalk” means that part of a highway at an intersection, either marked or unmarked existing at each approach of every roadway intersection, included within the connections of the lateral lines of the sidewalks on opposite sides of the highway measured from the curbs or, in the absence of curbs, from the edges of the shoulder, or, if none, from the edges of the roadway; also, any portion of a highway at an intersection or elsewhere distinctly indicated for pedestrian crossing by lines or other marking on the surface. Every intersection has a crosswalk, whether marked or unmarked.

“Marked Crosswalk” [Note to Supervisor: this slide has animation.] This graphic illustrates that crosswalks exist at every intersection. We can have the “marked” crosswalk which has some type of paint or striping that indicate the crosswalk whether it be parallel lines or more high visibility markings such as continental , ladder, or zebra striped. But even where the crosswalk is not marked, there is a “unmarked” crosswalk which is defined as the continuation of the sidewalk or curb edge. If not marked, crosswalks are continuations of the sidewalks or curb/edge of roadway across the intersection.

Pedestrians and Vehicles
Pedestrians shall not cross a roadway against the "stop" or red signal at a crosswalk. No pedestrian shall walk into the path of a vehicle which is so close that it is impossible for the driver to yield or stop. Every pedestrian upon a roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles upon the roadway. A pedestrian crossing or starting across the intersection on a “go” or green signal, and who is still within the crosswalk when the signal changes, has the right of way until the pedestrian has reached the opposite curb or place of safety. NJSA 39:4-32 Pedestrians have to obey traffic control at signalized locations. The law also states they shall not start crossing the street in front of a car where it would be impossible for a car to stop. Pedestrians have the right to cross the street at locations away from crosswalks, they simply have to grant the right-of-way to the motorists. This means that they can not cross until it is safe to do so and should not impede motorists (since the motorist has the ROW at places other than crosswalks). This is not “jaywalking”. You can imagine a suburban community with very infrequent crossings where it would be unreasonable to expect pedestrians to walk a half mile for a crossing. However, it is reasonable to expect them to yield to cars before trying to cross. An important provision of the law is that motorists are obligated to stay stopped for pedestrians that have started to cross during the walk phase of a signal. Motorists are not allowed to start moving, even with the green signal, if a pedestrian is still within the crosswalk when the signal changes. Such a situation may arise at locations with inadequate pedestrian signal timing or involving the mobility-impaired. An important provision of the law is that motorists are obligated to stay stopped for pedestrians that have started to cross during the walk phase of a signal. Motorists are not allowed to start moving, even with the green signal, if a pedestrian is still within the crosswalk when the signal changes. Such a situation may arise at locations with pedestrian unfriendly signal timing or involving the mobility-impaired.

Whenever any vehicle is stopped to permit a pedestrian to cross the roadway, the driver of any other vehicle approaching from the rear shall not overtake and pass such stopped vehicle. Nothing shall relieve a driver from the duty to exercise due care for the safety of any pedestrian upon a roadway. Nothing shall relieve a pedestrian from using due care for his safety. In the event of a collision between a vehicle and a pedestrian within a marked crosswalk, or at an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, there shall be a permissive inference that the driver did not exercise due care for the safety of the pedestrian. Vehicles stopped to permit a pedestrian to cross may not be passed by other motor vehicles. This is illegal and dangerous. This would typically happen on a multi-lane roadway. If this is a common issue we would suggest coordinating “Pedestrian Safety Operations” in the area to educate drivers and reinforce pedestrian safety and pedestrian laws that pertain to crosswalks. Even though the law states that motorists must stop if a vehicle they are approaching has stopped, never take it for granted and make sure that traffic has stopped before proceeding past a stopped vehicle on a multi-lane roadway as a pedestrian. The law also states that all motorists and pedestrian must exercise “due care”. For motorists, this essentially means that even if a pedestrian is doing the wrong thing, you do not have a right to run them down. It also stipulates that if you see young, old, intoxicated, or otherwise impaired pedestrians that you should drive cautiously. For pedestrians, even if you have the right-of-way, you should not step in front of a car. Pedestrians should be vigilant and attentive when walking along or crossing the street. The law is very clear about pedestrians having the right-of-way in crosswalks. If a collision occurs in a crosswalk between a pedestrian and a motorist there is a “permissive inference” or understanding that the motorist did something wrong by virtue of the fact that the pedestrian was struck while in the crosswalk.

Drivers making a right turn on red or at a “stop” sign must stop and stay stopped for pedestrians crossing the road in a marked or unmarked crosswalk into which the driver is turning. Motorists turning at signals are obligated to stop for pedestrians. Even when they have a green light when making a right or left turn they must stop and stay stopped for any pedestrian in the crosswalk. NJSA 39:4-115

No driver shall turn right at a “stop” sign or “yield” sign unless the driver stops and remains stopped for pedestrians crossing the road in a marked or unmarked crosswalk into which the driver is turning. Similarly, vehicles have to stop for pedestrians when making turns at “stop” signs or when proceeding through a “yield” controlled location. NJSA 39:4-144

Motor Vehicle Laws Motorists must obey signals from the STOP paddle wielded by school crossing guards. The STOP paddle is an official sign under New Jersey law. Motorists can be ticketed for failure to stop for a crossing guard using a STOP paddle. The fine for a first offense is $150.00, subsequent offense fines are not less than $ NJSA 39:4-80.1

School Zone Motorists must obey the posted speed limits and be attentive and cautious when pedestrians are present, or likely to be present, especially in school zones. This is reinforced by the “due care” provision of the law which states motorists must drive cautiously around young pedestrians. Reduced speed limit in school zones also reinforce the need to drive cautiously.

School Zone The speed limit is 25 mph in a school zone during recess,
when children are clearly visible from the roadway, or while children are going to or leaving school (during opening or closing hours). The only exception is when a lower speed limit is posted. Read slide.

School Zone Other signs may be in force in school zones. Be aware of restrictions on motor vehicle activity at your post. When possible without interfering with crossing students, write down information on violators and notify your supervisor.

Bicycles, Scooters, Skateboards
Children on bicycles, scooters or skateboards should: Dismount before crossing and walk across street avoids conflicts among crossing children allows guard and children to be more attentive & react quickly to traffic hazards Anyone under 17 who rides bikes or wheeled sports equipment must wear a helmet at all times. (N.J.S.A. 39:4-10.1) Bicyclists should dismount before entering a crosswalk. Crossing guards who see students on a bicycle, skateboard, or scooter should tell them to dismount before crossing. When on a bicycle, skateboard, or scooter, the student is moving at a different speed than those students walking. This can pose a conflict with the crossing pedestrians.

Crossing Procedures Directing Traffic? Gap Assessment
Cone/Marker Placement Standard Crossing Protocol Proper Search Pattern Preparing Students to Cross Use of STOP Paddle Difficult Situations Courtesy Crossing of Adult Pedestrians

Directing Traffic? Crossing guards shall not direct traffic, but rather, they shall choose opportune times to create sufficient gaps in the traffic flow. At these times, they shall stand in the roadway to indicate that pedestrians are about to use or are using the crosswalk, and that all vehicular traffic must stop (FHWA MUTCD 7D.05). Crossing guards shall not direct traffic. Police officers receive specific and substantial training on directing traffic that crossing guards do not. It is a potential liability issue for programs that allow crossing guards to direct traffic. Crossing guards use existing pedestrian laws that require motorists to stop for pedestrians in the crosswalk.

Gap Assessment Guards cross children by:
identifying adequate gaps in traffic creating gaps by entering the crosswalk with the STOP paddle Guards are placed at intersections where there is sufficient traffic to require the creation of gaps. If forced to wait too long at a crosswalk, children may become impatient. Crossing guards are typically stationed where traffic is heavy enough that adult judgment and direction are desired to facilitate crossings for students. The Institute of Transportation Engineer’s “School Trip Safety Program Guidelines” defines an acceptable gap as the minimum time between vehicles that 85 percent of all groups of pedestrians waiting to cross a street will accept as adequate to cross the street and that at least one adequate gap should occur each minute to allow for children to cross without undue delay. Ultimately, local criteria and traffic engineering judgment and analysis are needed to determine when and where an adult school crossing guard is needed.

Gap Assessment You must be able to predict the vehicle stopping distance, or the distance required for motorists to see you, to recognize the need to stop, to apply the brake in a reasonable manner, and to bring the vehicle to a halt. A marker on the roadway or roadside may help with deciding when a gap is sufficient to stop traffic. Allow for greater vehicle stopping distances in rainy, snowy and icy conditions. You must be able to predict the vehicle stopping distance, or the distance required for motorists to see you, to recognize the need to stop, to apply the brake in a reasonable manner, and to bring the vehicle to a halt. A marker on the roadway or roadside may help with deciding when a gap is sufficient to stop traffic. Although establishing such a marker will be useful for most traffic, vehicles moving faster than normal will require more distance to stop safely. Using a mark in combination with practical experience will help to avoid conflicts. You should also allow for greater vehicle stopping distances in rainy, snowy and icy conditions.

Cone/Marker Placement
Speed Limit (mph) 15 20 25 30 35 40 Distance (ft) 46 73 102 140 183 234 Assuming no significant grade, table shows cone/marker placement distance based on vehicle speeds Distances are measured from nearest crosswalk line to where cone is to be placed These distances hold for dry pavement and daylight Motor vehicle speeds is a key determinant of the proper placement of a visual marker. Using the yellow light signal timing formula, the prescribed distance can be measured out with a cone, ribbon, or existing object (utility pole, sign, etc) used as the visual cue. This table shows the distance from which a motorist has ample time to see a pedestrian and stop for him/her. It is important to realize that this provides a point from which a driver HAS TIME to stop; this does not mean that they WILL stop. The marker provides a visual cue from which the crossing guard can create a gap, safely proceed into the crosswalk, and initiate a crossing for students.

Cone/Marker Placement
Example: 25 mph (actual speed, dry road conditions) Clearly Marked Crosswalk 102’ In this graphic, the crossing guard notices the red car has ample time to stop for the crossing guard. The green vehicle is already too close. The crossing guard should be trying to make eye contact with the red vehicle and should be seeking to get the driver’s attention by extending the STOP paddle. Only after the crossing guard is assured that the red vehicle is stopping should she or he step into that lane of traffic to proceed with taking position for crossing the children. Traffic Cone/Sign or Marker Crossing Guard

Standard Crossing Protocol
Start to cross only when vehicle is on the far side of the cone or marker Begin by placing one foot off curb between crosswalk lines Signal to driver by extending the STOP paddle and making eye contact Do not begin to cross in front of vehicle unless driver is clearly slowing to yield/stop for you Remember, this is simply an aid to help create gaps. Moving traffic is a hazard that must be taken seriously. Never assume that a motorist is going to stop for you. Start your crossing by activating the crosswalk laws by placing a foot into the crosswalk or stepping into a sheltered place in the crosswalk that is not in the path of a motor vehicle (a shoulder, in front of parked vehicles). Signal to the driver that you want to cross by having the STOP paddle extended and clearly visible. Make sure the vehicle has stopped for you before proceeding into the lane of travel. If on a multi-lane road, after the first lane of travel has stopped, proceed to the edge of the stopped vehicle and make sure that vehicles in the next lane of travel have also stopped before taking position in the intersection.

Proper Search Pattern Model and reinforce proper crossing behavior:
Pause at “traffic edges” beyond which s/he might encounter moving traffic Typically, traffic edges are curbs Where there are parked or stopped vehicles, the traffic edge would extend beyond the curb At each traffic edge, follow proper search pattern One of the most important roles of the adult school crossing guard is to model and reinforce proper crossing behavior. To allow time to assess traffic conditions at a crossing, pedestrians need to recognize and pause at “traffic edges.” Typically curbs are the traffic edges beyond which a pedestrian might encounter moving traffic. However, in some situations, where motor vehicles illegally park too close to the crosswalk or where there are stopped vehicles, the traffic edge would extend beyond the curb. At each traffic edge, pedestrians must search in the directions from which traffic might approach before proceeding into the roadway.

Module -6 / Crossing Techniques
Proper Search Pattern This search pattern needs to be performed each time a guard begins to cross children. A guard is always the first person in the street and the last person out of the street. Look LEFT - RIGHT - then LEFT again for traffic and continue to search while crossing the street. Left Right Left Scan Midblock Crosswalk Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program Module -6 / Crossing Techniques © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Proper Search Pattern At an intersection, stop at the curb or edge of the road. Look LEFT - RIGHT - then LEFT again for traffic. At an intersection such as the one pictured, one should look ahead and over one’s shoulder for possible turning vehicles. Keep searching while crossing the road. Left Right Left Over the Shoulder Intersection Crosswalk Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program Module -6 / Crossing Techniques © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

CROSSING GUARDS SHOULD EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED.
Proper Search Pattern Hazardous driver behaviors that may occur at a guarded crosswalk include: Speeding Driving through a crosswalk Stopping within a crosswalk Encroaching on a crosswalk when making a left turn at a green light Encroaching on a crosswalk when making a right turn on red Failure to yield to pedestrians in an unmarked crosswalk, or failure to stop for pedestrians in a marked crosswalk CROSSING GUARDS SHOULD EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED. Although most drivers respond appropriately to a crossing guard crossing children, some hazardous driver behaviors that may occur at a guarded crosswalk include: Speeding Driving through a crosswalk Stopping within a crosswalk Encroaching on a crosswalk when making a left turn at a green light Encroaching on a crosswalk when making a right turn on red Failure to yield to pedestrians in an unmarked crosswalk, or failure to stop for pedestrians in a marked crosswalk

Preparing Students to Cross
Talk to the children about safe crossing techniques as they are gathering and waiting to be crossed. Remind them: To scan the street for vehicles. To continue looking while crossing the street until completely out of the roadway. To wait at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge until you have stopped traffic and signaled them to search and proceed. To walk directly across the street at a consistent pace. To walk bicycles and carry skateboards while crossing the street. Crossing guards should talk to the children about safe crossing techniques as they are gathering and waiting to be crossed. Guards should use this opportunity to help students learn good pedestrian skills. Children should… scan the street for vehicles. continue looking while crossing the street until completely out of the roadway. wait at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge until you have stopped traffic and signaled them to search and proceed. walk directly across the street at a consistent pace. walk bicycles and carry skateboards while crossing the street

Preparing Students to Cross
If there are no other markers, mark a line with tape to show children where to stand. Monitor the children if possible to see that they scan for traffic. Praise those who do and encourage those who do not. Watch for students rushing to join the group. Socialize with children while they are on the sidewalk but NOT in the crosswalk. Use bumpy pad to show children where to stand Make sure that you have a designated assembly area. A marker of some kind can be helpful. While children are gathering or while you are waiting for a pedestrian phase at a signal, use that time as a potential teaching opportunity on proper crossing behavior. Also be on the lookout for stragglers rushing to join the group.

Use of STOP Paddle 1. When activating the crosswalk, raise the STOP paddle and extend it in front of you so that it is clearly visible to motorists. The STOP paddle should be used at every crossing. The STOP paddle makes you more noticeable. Additionally, it is an official sign that motorists must obey. Make sure you have it raised and clearly visible when you “activate” the crosswalk by putting your foot in the crosswalk or stepping into it where safe. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Use of STOP Paddle 2. Hold the paddle shoulder-high or higher so that one side is displayed to traffic approaching the crosswalk on the near side of the street (“near-side traffic”), and the other is displayed to traffic approaching the crosswalk on the far side of the street (“far-side traffic”). The paddle leads you into the crosswalk. Look directly at near-side traffic and make sure that it has stopped before proceeding into the near side lane of travel. far side near side The crossing guard’s body should not block either view of the STOP paddle. The two faces of the paddle should remain continuously visible to traffic approaching from both sides. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Use of STOP Paddle 3. Continuing to hold the paddle as described in Step 2, look directly at far-side traffic, turning your head as necessary as you approach the middle of the street. far side near side Make sure the STOP paddle is at shoulder height or higher and visible as you scan for traffic when taking position in the crosswalk. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Use of STOP Paddle 4. The STOP paddle should be kept raised while you are in the roadway. Do not switch the STOP paddle from one hand to the other or wave it about while in the roadway. Read slide. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Difficult Situations If heavy traffic or other conditions make crossing pedestrians difficult, notify your supervisor. Adjustments to crossing procedures may be required. Assistance may be available from police officers who can direct traffic. A consistently hazardous situation may require a traffic study. For difficult crossing conditions notify your supervising officer. He or she will work with you to determine the safest and most effective crossing protocol and crossing guard positioning for the intersection. Note to Supervisor: Motorists consistently failing to stop for the crossing guard at an intersection may be addressed through PSE details to encourage compliance and/or enhanced crosswalk treatments

Courtesy Crossing of Adult Pedestrians
You may cross an adult pedestrian who requests assistance if the crossing does not conflict with your principal duty to cross student pedestrians. Have a clear understanding on your local policy on crossing adult pedestrians. Remember, your first and primary duty is to safely cross children.

Types of Intersections
Unsignalized Intersections Unsignalized Midblock Crosswalk Signalized Intersections Signalized Midblock Crosswalk Four or More Lanes Walking School Bus School Safety Patrol There are 8 standard steps to the crossing procedure used at crossing guard posts. We will discuss variations appropriate to different types of intersections.

Unsignalized Intersections
1. Curbside assembly: Stand on the curb or behind the edge of the roadway on the side of the street where children approach. Keep children at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge. Step 1. Stand on curb or behind edge of roadway on the side of the street where students approach. Keep students at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge. If a yellow “stand-back” line is marked or taped on sidewalk, it should be at least 3 feet behind the curb. Ask a child who arrives on a bicycle, scooter, or skateboard to dismount and walk the bicycle or scooter or carry the skateboard when crossing. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

2. Select an opportune time: Select an opportune time by referring to a visual cue. "Activate” the crosswalk by placing your foot in the crosswalk or proceeding to the edge of the shoulder or lane line if there are parked cars. With STOP paddle extended, wait for the near side travel lane traffic to stop before proceeding. Step 2: As children collect, wait for an opportune time to create a sufficient gap in traffic. Remind children to wait for your verbal direction before starting to cross. Activate the crosswalk by putting your foot in the crosswalk while signaling your intent to cross by having the stop paddle extended before you. If your crosswalk has parked cars or a shoulder you should proceed to the edge of the parked cars and/or shoulder to put yourself in a visible (but protected) position. Never continue into the crosswalk until you are certain that near side traffic has stopped for you. Remind children to wait for your verbal direction before starting to cross. © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

3. Enter the crosswalk: Enter closest travel lane after near side traffic has stopped for you while you are in a safe roadway position. Continue to middle of intersection with STOP paddle extended. The raised STOP paddle leads you to the middle of the roadway. If using a whistle, enter the roadway with whistle in mouth. Step 3: Enter closest travel lane after near side traffic has stopped for you while you are in a safe roadway position. Raise and display the STOP paddle as you walk to the middle of the roadway. If using a whistle, enter the roadway with whistle in mouth. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

4. Stop far-side traffic: As you approach the middle of the roadway, check that the STOP paddle is clearly visible to far-side traffic, including any turning traffic. Step 4: As you approach the middle of the roadway, check that the STOP paddle is clearly visible to that approach as well. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

5. Take position: Take a position where you can keep an eye on both traffic and the children. Do not stand in the crosswalk if possible. Continue to display the STOP paddle to both approaches Make a final check that traffic on crosswalk approaches has stopped. Step 5: Take position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the approach with greater apparent risk of traffic conflict and face that approach, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. Take the position that allows you to keep an eye on traffic and the children. The appropriate position should be discussed with your supervisor if you are working a high volume, complex, or multi-lane intersection. Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

6. Initiate crossing: Turn your head toward the waiting children and, making eye contact, tell them to search and cross when the way is clear. Remember: Use words to instruct children Use hand signals only for traffic Step 6: Turn your head toward the waiting children and, making eye contact, verbally direct them to search for traffic as described, and to proceed when the way is clear. Remember, VERBALLY direct them. Do not use hand signals. Hand signals may be misinterpreted by motorists as a signal for them to proceed. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

7. Maintain position: Ensure that no driver crosses the crosswalk before the last child in the group has reached the opposite curb or roadway edge. Step 7: As children cross, do not allow any driver to cross the crosswalk until the last child of the released group has reached the opposite curb or roadway edge. Remember, the law specifically stipulates that traffic is to remain stopped until the pedestrians (children) have reached the opposite curb of their crossing. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

8. Return to the starting curb: Remain alert for traffic and continue to display the STOP paddle until you have left the roadway. Step 8: Remain alert for traffic and continue to display the STOP paddle until you have left the roadway. If you have begun to leave the roadway and another student approaches, return to the curb and have the child wait until other students gather before crossing. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Unsignalized Midblock Crosswalk This slide recaps the 8 steps of the crossing procedure 1. Curbside assembly: Stand on the curb or behind the edge of the roadway on the side of the street where children approach. Keep children at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge. 2. Select an opportune time: First scan traffic on the near-side approach, including any vehicles that might turn into the approach, waiting for an opportune time to create a sufficient gap in traffic. Then scan both approaches before entering the crosswalk. Remind children to wait for the verbal direction before starting to cross. 3. Enter crosswalk, stopping near-side traffic: The raised STOP paddle leads you to the middle of the roadway. If using a whistle, enter with whistle in mouth. 4. Stop far-side traffic: As you approach the middle of the roadway, check that the STOP paddle is clearly visible to far-side traffic, including any turning traffic. 5. Take position: Take position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the approach with the greater apparent risk of traffic conflict (e.g., due to greater volume or higher typical speeds) and face that approach, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped. 6. Initiate crossing: Turn your head toward the waiting children and, making eye contact, tell them to search and cross when the way is clear. 7. Maintain position: As children cross behind you, ensure that no driver crosses the crosswalk before the last child in the group has reached the opposite curb or roadway edge and you have begun step 8. 8. Return to the starting curb: Remain alert for traffic and continue to display the STOP paddle until you have left the roadway. Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program Module -6 / Crossing Techniques Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Signalized Intersections
1. Curbside Assembly Stand on the sidewalk or edge of road on the side of the street that students will cross. The steps for crossing students at a signal controlled location are similar to unsignalized save for the need to activate the signal and the need to be aware of vehicular turning movements. Stand on curb or behind edge of roadway on the side of the street where students approach. Keep students at least one step back from the curb or roadway edge. If a yellow “stand-back” line is marked or taped on sidewalk, it should be at least 3 feet behind the curb. Instruct any student who arrives on a bicycle, scooter, or skateboard to dismount and walk the bicycle or scooter or carry the skateboard when crossing. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

2. Activate signal As students gather, push the “WALK” button if available. Instruct the students to wait one step back from the curb or roadway edge until given the signal to begin the crossing process. As children collect, press pedestrian pushbutton, if needed to actuate a phase for pedestrian crossing. Remind children to wait for your signal before starting to cross. When a fresh Walking Person symbol (or “WALK” message) is displayed (or when the appropriate green is illuminated if there is no pedestrian signal), make a final scan for traffic. If the signal timing is not pedestrian friendly and does not allow for recommended procedures to be followed (i.e. by the time you have taken position in the intersection the pedestrian phase is already at the flashing red hand) discuss this with your supervisor so that the deficiency can be noted and discussed with the engineer with jurisdictional control of that roadway. In these challenging situations make sure there is an agreed upon crossing protocol with the supervising officer. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

3. Enter roadway After completing the search and determining that it is safe to do so, enter the street with a "fresh" green or "WALK" signal and face the intersection on the crosswalk line nearest to the center of the street. Raise and display the STOP paddle as you walk to the middle of the roadway. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

4. Ensure traffic is stopped: Walk toward the middle of the street, alerting traffic on all approaches (including those that might make left or right turns onto the crosswalk) by holding STOP paddle high Walk toward the middle of the street, alerting traffic on all approaches (including those that might make left or right turns onto the crosswalk) by holding STOP paddle high. Depending on conditions at the intersection, the crossing guard may need to take a position that is not in the center of the crosswalk (for example, if there is a high volume of left or right turning movements). The appropriate position should be discussed with the supervisor after field review. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

5. Take position: Position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the intersection and face traffic on that side, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped. Take a position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the intersection and face traffic on that side, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

6. Initiate crossing: When the traffic stops, verbally instruct the students to begin their search (left, right, left and over their shoulder for turning traffic) and to cross when safe. Instruct the students to continue walking if the signal changes to a flashing "Don't Walk." Turn your head toward the waiting children and, making eye contact, verbally direct them to search for traffic, and to proceed when the way is clear. A crossing guard should not cross children if the red hand is solid, except to complete the crossing of children already in the intersection. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

7. Maintain position: Wait with the STOP paddle extended until the students have finished crossing the road. As children cross behind you, do not allow any driver to cross the crosswalk until the last child of the released group has reached the opposite curb or roadway edge. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

8. Return to the starting curb: Return to the edge of the road or curb, lower the STOP paddle, and allow traffic to resume. Remain alert for traffic and continue to display the STOP paddle until you have left the roadway. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Protected left turn intersections need special consideration and evaluation by PD and engineers. You need to evaluate the conditions to identify safest crossing procedures. Remember do not cross students when there is a protected left turn signal. Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation This slide recaps the 8 steps of the crossing procedure

Signalized Midblock Crosswalk
Signalized midblock crosswalks often have a pedestrian button and/or flashing yellow warning beacons Follow same steps as at a signalized intersection Be aware of the approach with the greater apparent risk of traffic conflict Use the same procedures as you would at a Signalized Intersection with the exception of Step 5 5. Take position: Take position in the middle of the street, just outside the crosswalk on the side closest to the approach with the greater apparent risk of traffic conflict (e.g., due to greater volume or higher typical speeds) and face that approach, continuing to display the STOP paddle to both approaches. Make a final check that traffic on both approaches has stopped. 6. Initiate crossing: When the traffic stops, verbally instruct the students to begin their search (left, right, left and over their shoulder for turning traffic) and to cross when safe. Instruct the students to continue walking if the signal changes to a flashing "Don't Walk." 7. Maintain position: Wait with the STOP paddle extended until the students have finished crossing the road. 8. Return to the starting curb: Return to the edge of the road or curb, lower the STOP paddle, and allow traffic to resume.

Four or More Lanes Two guards should be assigned if possible One assigned to each traffic stream The guard on the side on which children approach initiates crossing (on side with children) Reverse roles in the afternoon At a signalized or unsignalized crossing with four or more lanes, two guards should be assigned. Each guard should handle one side of the street. The guard on the side of the street where children are waiting to cross should initiate the crossing. The guard should use applicable procedures for that side only and should proceed to the middle of the traffic lanes. The other guard should simultaneously alert traffic, then enter the roadway and cross the children the rest of the way. Note to Supervisor: If you do not have the personnel for multiple crossing guards at a multi-lane crossing then discuss the specific challenges and the appropriate protocol for your crossing. Multi-lane crossings are the most challenging, potentially the most dangerous, and have the most variables for consideration. Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program Module -6 / Crossing Techniques Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Walking School Bus A group of children walking to and from school with one or more trained parent volunteers or walking bus “drivers” Guards maintain a friendly but firm relationship with the adult volunteers Guards are in charge and all pedestrians must obey your commands A Walking School Bus is a group of children walking to and from school with one or more adults. It can be as informal as two families walking together or more structured, with an established walking route, meeting points (stops), timetable and schedule.

School Student Safety Patrols
Be familiar with the school district’s policy on student safety patrols. Safety patrol members do not control vehicular traffic or place themselves in the path of vehicular traffic. Members of the school safety patrol do: control and direct student traffic on school grounds, on sidewalks and paths adjacent to a street or roadway. keep other students back from the street in a safe place. keep order in a group preparing to cross. watch for stragglers and latecomers. work in cooperation with the signals of the adult crossing guard. The adult crossing guard should: maintain a friendly but firm relationship with members of the school safety patrol state requests clearly encourage members of the school safety patrol to wear their uniforms and to behave appropriately AAA Mid-Atlantic Foundation for Safety and Education, Safe Crossings Adult School Crossing Guard Training Program, Wilmington, DE. If the crossing guard post is associated with a school having a student safety patrol, the crossing guard should be clear on the school’s policy on student safety patrols and the limitations of the role of the safety patrol member. Crossing guards should remember that they are in control at their post.

Crash Types Intersection Turns Vehicle Turn/Merge Dart-Out/Dash
Multiple Threat/Trapped Through Vehicle at Unsignalized Location Through Vehicle at Signalized Location

Controlled Intersection
Controlled Intersection You should be aware of the different types of conflicts that can occur between motorists and pedestrians so that you can effectively assess your crossing and the most obvious conflicts to keep an eye out for. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Vehicle Turn/Merge Almost always occur at intersections, including driveways Involve a driver who is turning into and merging with traffic, and striking a pedestrian headed in a direction different from the driver’s focus of attention Involve pedestrians of all ages. Turning Vehicle is a fairly common pedestrian/motor vehicle crash type that affects pedestrians of all ages. In this scenario the pedestrian attempts to cross at an intersection, driveway, or alley and is struck by a vehicle that is turning right or left. This includes vehicles turning into crosswalks failing to yield to pedestrians when they are legally crossing on a green light and pedestrian signal. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Dart-Out/Dash At an intersection, or mid-block, a pedestrian darts into the street without scanning for traffic properly. Generally, these collisions occur in residential areas. Mid-block crossings account for 30% of all pedestrian crashes. In the Dart-Out /Dash crash, the pedestrian either ran into the roadway in front of a motorist whose view of the pedestrian was blocked until an instant before impact (Dart-Out), or (next slide) This is why we encourage children to cross at crosswalks and why we bring them together for assembly. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Dart-Out/Dash A pedestrian walks or runs into the road and is struck by a motorist whose view was not obstructed. Often involves children ages 5 to 9 who are running across the street. The pedestrian walked or ran into the road and was struck by a motorist whose view was not obstructed (Dash). From our discussion of characteristics of children, you can understand why this scenario is one of the most common for school aged children. Again, this is why we bring them together for assembly, tell them to wait, and repeat that they should not follow us into the intersection. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Multiple Threat/Trapped
A pedestrian crossing a multi-lane road is allowed to cross by a driver in one lane is struck by a driver passing the stopped vehicle in the other lane and traveling in the same direction. The Multiple Threat/Trapped crash type occurs when the pedestrian enters the roadway in front of stopped or slowed traffic and is struck by a second vehicle in an adjacent lane after becoming trapped in the middle of the roadway. Possible causes: The pedestrian entered the traffic lane in front of stopped traffic and was struck by a vehicle traveling in the same direction as the stopped vehicle. The stopped vehicle may have blocked the visibility between the pedestrian and the striking vehicle, and / or the motorist may have been speeding (multiple threat). Diagram 1 Pedestrian began crossing on green signal and became trapped in the roadway when the signal changed. Diagram 2 This threat is also a hazard to children when parents drop them off on the road side on the way to school when traffic becomes backed up. This is why you should check that the first lane of travel has stopped, proceed to the edge of the stopped vehicle and make sure that vehicles in the next lane of travel have also stopped before taking position in the intersection. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Through Vehicle at Unsignalized Location
A pedestrian is struck at an unsignalized intersection or midblock location. Either the motorist or the pedestrian may have failed to yield. The Through Vehicle at Unsignalized Location occurs when a pedestrian is struck at an unsignalized intersection or midblock location. In most cases this type of collision arises because either the motorist or the pedestrian failed to yield. Possible causes: Motorist fails to yield to pedestrian at two-lane, low-speed road crosswalk (or unmarked crossing). Pedestrian has difficulty crossing multilane road (which may also have high travel speeds and / or high traffic volumes). Motorist unwilling to yield due to high motorist speeds or high traffic volumes. You should always step foot into the crosswalk from a protected place never assuming that the motorist will stop for you. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Through Vehicle at Signalized Location
A pedestrian is struck at a signalized intersection or midblock location by a driver that is traveling straight ahead. The Through Vehicle at Signalized Location crash occurs when a pedestrian is struck at a signalized intersection or midblock location by a vehicle that was traveling straight ahead. This includes scenarios where the motorist and pedestrian are at fault. Possible causes: Pedestrian could not see traffic signal. Excessive delay to pedestrians prior to getting the WALK interval. Lack of pedestrian compliance with WALK phase due to other causes. Motorist ran red light at signalized intersection. Image: Federal Highway Administration

Crossing Duties & Expectations Do Do not Always review the proper search pattern before crossing Maintain control & be alert Always use pedestrian traffic signals if available Always be clear and concise with your hand & verbal signals Establish eye contact Report dangerous vehicle violations Report uncooperative students to supervisor Do not assume that cars will stop Do not assume cars will remain stopped Do not cross students if a vehicle is stopped in the middle of the crosswalk Florida School Crossing Guard Training Program Module -6 / Crossing Techniques

Practicing Crossing Procedures
Note to Supervisor: Take a few minutes to have crossing guards practice the 8 crossing procedure steps. Ideally, the practice session is held at a school crossing location outdoors. However, if time and location constraints do no allow for an outdoor exercise, have crossing guards take turns practicing the 8 steps in the training room or other indoor location. Please refer to instructions for the Crossing Guard Field Exercise. Visit the training resources at saferoutesnj.org/crossingguards

New Jersey Crossing Guard Policy & Procedures

Orientation to Agency Orientation to Agency Scheduled Changes
Emergency Response Plans Uniforms & Equipment Expectations & Duties Performance Review Support of Crossing Guards

Orientation to Agency All crossing guards:
must be under the supervision and direction of the chief of police or other chief law enforcement officer for the municipality (N.J.S.A. 40A: ) should be familiar with the departmental chain of command should carry at their posts: name and phone number of the supervisor list of law enforcement/ emergency numbers Crossing guards should not take instruction from anyone who is not in the departmental chain of command (for example, school officials or municipal residents). Each crossing guard will be provided with the name and phone number of the supervisor and other numbers to use in case of emergency or to report an incident.

Orientation to Agency Crossing guards may carry:
List of the school(s) to which students at the crossing guard post are traveling: Phone numbers of school(s) Principals' names Hours that schools are in session Copy of the school calendar Roster of crossing guards containing: Guards' names Guards' phone numbers Post location Time of post School information will help the crossing guard contact the school if a student needs assistance or is disruptive. The school calendar will reinforce departmental information pertaining to school closings, early dismissals, etc.

Scheduled Changes Supervisor shall notify crossing guards of:
school schedule change half-day emergency closing special school function duties, responsibilities, and etiquette remain the same as when on usual crossing guard duty. There will be times when the supervisor needs to communicate with crossing guards without delay, for instance in the case of schedule changes such as a weather-related delayed opening at school. Phone numbers should be kept up to date.

Emergency Response Plans
School or Municipality Emergency Response Plan Supervisor may need to contact you at your posts Keep contact information up to date In case of a municipal emergency In case of a school emergency

Uniforms and Equipment
N.J.S.A. 40A: Crossing guard shall be provided with a uniform which shall identify his/her function and which shall be distinct from the uniform of a member of the regular police department or force. Such uniform shall include but not be limited to: Safety vest, worn over all other clothing. This vest shall be high-visibility retroreflective safety apparel* Hat, and Breast and hat badges which shall bear an identification number and the name of the municipality in which the crossing guard is employed. *labeled as ANSI standard performance for Class 2 (FHWA MUTCD Section 7D.04). Required crossing guard equipment includes the retroreflective safety vest and the STOP paddle. The vest must be worn at all times on the outside of all other clothing. Wearing a high visibility jacket is not sufficient unless it has “Crossing Guard” printed on it. A “baseball cap” may serve as a hat - it provides a visor for shading eyes Although the law requires breast and hat badges, departments are using other forms of identification such as lanyards, clip badges, or patches. Badges help to identify the crossing guard as an official employee of the municipal police department.

Uniform and Equipment Present a Positive Public Image Be professional in dress and conduct The uniform: Increases visibility, thereby improving job performance Helps to provide an air of professionalism Establishes authority and commands respect As representatives of the local police force, crossing guards should conduct themselves in a positive, professional manner to gain the respect of community members and to set a good example for the children they cross. Every crossing guard is responsible for: maintaining a neat and clean appearance while on duty wearing appropriate clothing for the weather conditions The uniform and equipment are designed to increase the visibility of the crossing guard, thereby improving job effectiveness. In addition, a uniform gives a crossing guard an air of professionalism. Note to Supervisor: Use whichever one of the following fits your department: Although the department is unable to provide you with uniforms, a combination of dark pants and white shirts improves a crossing guard’s appearance. If possible, please wear these. Make sure that you are wearing appropriate shoes or boots, no sandals or flip-flops. Not only is this footwear too casual, but you need to be able to move quickly. The department will provide you with a uniform. The department will provide you with some part of a uniform and the rest is available for purchase. The department will provide you with a stipend to purchase these items of the uniform. Your union will be providing you with a uniform.

Always Use STOP Paddle STOP paddles shall be used by all adult crossing guards and shall be the primary hand-signaling device FHWA MUTCD Section 7D.05 Crossing guards are required to use the STOP paddle for each and every pedestrian crossing. The STOP paddle alerts motorists that you are entering the roadway. It is an official sign that must be obeyed.

Additional items and equipment determined by a local agency may include: Whistle and lanyard Gloves, either white or retroreflective Raingear Spring/winter jacket Umbrellas shall not be used by crossing guards. Umbrellas can obstruct a driver’s ability to see the STOP paddle and a crossing guard’s ability to see traffic, and can create a distraction when caught by the wind. A child might run after an umbrella. No umbrellas or other gear that might interfere with the performance of duties may be used

Whistle use Whistles shall be used at all times to signal drivers or Whistles shall be used at the discretion of the crossing guard to signal drivers, Whistles shall be used only in case of emergency Whistle use should be consistent among all crossing guards in a municipality. Some municipalities provide crossing guards with whistles to be used at all times to signal drivers, or to be used when the crossing guard believes that the whistle will ensure a safe crossing, or only in the case of an emergency. Whistle use must be consistent among crossing guards throughout the municipality so that drivers will know what to expect at crosswalks. Crossing guards issues ONE LONG blast to halt traffic. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Whistle Use To direct traffic, with hand signal? 1 blast for Stop 2 blasts for Go To alert motorists ignoring the STOP paddle 1 long blast Several short blasts When stepping off the curb

Visible and Noticeable
Be Visible – wear the retroreflective vest outside all other clothing hold the STOP paddle Be Noticeable – adopt clear & precise behaviors step into the street, hold the STOP sign & extend the other arm make eye contact with motorists Be Consistent – variations may cause confusion The standard crossing guard movements, equipment and uniform are designed to help the guard stand out from the visual clutter. When standing at the crossing guard post, wearing the retroreflective vest outside all other clothing and holding the STOP paddle, crossing guards are generally visible to vehicular traffic. Crossing guard’s must be noticeable to gain motorists’ attention. Actions (such as stepping into the street, holding the STOP sign and extending the other arm, and making eye contact with motorists) should be clear and precise. Motorists expect consistent procedures in crossing situations and variations may cause confusion.

Expectations and Duties
Be Professional while on duty: Don’t smoke or use tobacco products, eat, drink, chew gum, or be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Don’t use a personal cell phone or other electronic device unless necessary to report an emergency. Don’t read or listen to music. Don’t engage drivers in conversation. Don’t use profanity. Don’t touch children or allow children to sit in your car. Be an authority figure. Teach through example. These expectations apply if children are present or not.

No Idling Idling for more than 3 minutes is PROHIBITED in NJ (with limited exceptions) NJAC 7: and NJAC 7:

Never sit in your car or chair at your post Standing at post: Ensures that drivers and pedestrians know a guard is present Allows for quick reaction to unexpected events Do not sit in your car or chair at your post: You must be ready to react to any situation at your crosswalk. Your visible presence at the crosswalk is a signal to motorists that pedestrians may be using the crosswalk. Children could approach the crosswalk and, seeing no crossing guard, continue into the street before you are able to exit the car. Note to Supervisor: If a crossing guard is approved to sit because of a medical disability, safety concerns can override that approval. (That is, if sitting was found to be unsafe for the guard or the child pedestrians, or if the guard is shown to be not responsive enough to protect the child pedestrians.)

Be on time. Call out sick well before you are due at the post. Remain standing at post during hours of duty. Be firm, courteous, and pleasant with children and adults. Leave post at end of shift, unless child pedestrians are approaching the crosswalk.

Hazards, Incidents, Emergencies
Post Review Hazards Hazardous Conditions Reporting Hazardous Weather Traffic Incident Reporting Emergencies

Post Review Inspect area posts every day to: identify hazards
be familiar with school zone signs and markings, traffic control devices, pedestrian signs and signals Hazards should be reported as soon as practical without interrupting the crossing of children. Note to Supervisor: Make clear the reporting structure for crossing guards. Are they reporting these hazards to you, to dispatch, or some other entity? If the hazard poses an immediate threat the crossing guard should contact _______________. Before first taking charge of a post, crossing guards might drive through their assigned crosswalk to get a driver’s perspective and to note potential hazards.

Post Review Are sight lines clear for the guard, pedestrians, and drivers? Are crosswalks clearly marked with signs and pavement paint? Are curbs streets are free of trip hazards? Are signs and lights in good condition? Are cones and/or signs available if necessary to restrict parking? Are there other issues in vicinity – construction, emergency vehicles, suspicious persons? Crossing guards will check the area of their posts each day and will report any problems (as directed by their supervisor). If you are at a signalized intersection and either the traffic signal or the walk signal is malfunctioning, report the problem immediately.

Hazards Sight obstructions include but are not limited to: parked cars
bushes or low-hanging tree branches signal controller boxes signs mail boxes benches trash cans snow banks These obstructions may make it more difficult for drivers to see you (the crossing guard) or child pedestrians. Make note of these hazards and report them.

Hazards Park your vehicle in a safe and legal place where it will not obstruct your view of traffic or motorists’ view of you, or force pedestrians to walk in an unsafe location. Never Park: (N.J.S.A. 39:4-138) on a crosswalk on a sidewalk within 25 feet of crosswalk within 50 feet of a STOP sign Note to Supervisor: Crossing guard vehicles are often parked too close to a crosswalk. Although guards sometimes park in this location to keep parents or other drivers from parking on or near a school crossing, it is still illegal. Moveable cones or permanent bollards can be used to prevent parking within 25 feet of a crosswalk. 25 feet

Hazards Hazards which can force pedestrians to walk in an unsafe location include, but are not limited to: standing water, mud, ice or snow on the sidewalk or curb ramp broken pavement open drainage grates overgrown plants construction debris loose dogs lack of sidewalks parents loading or unloading vehicles vehicles parked across driveways or in crosswalks Some hazards force pedestrians off the sidewalk and into the street or away from the crosswalk. Report these hazards as instructed.

Hazards Other hazards speeding motorists inattentive motorists
suspicious activity Eyes on the street be aware of neighborhood issues report potential problems document date, time, & details of the problem for future reference note who was notified & when Some motorists may drive through your post area every day, disregarding your sign, speeding, or engaging in other dangerous behavior. Although you should not confront these drivers, you should report them to your supervisor as persistent hazards to safe pedestrian travel. Guards should also be alert for suspicious subjects, such as cars continually driving through an area, an occupied parked car, or adults approaching children. Guards should try to take note of characteristics so that they can describe the individual or car.

Hazardous Conditions Reporting
Crossing guards: report potential hazards to supervisor or agency Supervisor: follow up on reported issues and inform crossing guard of outcome Supervisor may need to: communicate with other municipal departments including public works, engineering or planning coordinate with county or state agencies if the hazard involves a county or state road Prioritization of crossing guard posts for maintenance and repair will improve conditions for crossing guards and pedestrians. Note to Supervisor: Supervisors should edit this page to reflect departmental procedures. It is recommended that supervisors should provide a prompt response to reports of incidents, hazards, or maintenance issues in order to support the crossing guards in the performance of their jobs. Supervisors should follow up to ensure that the hazard has been remedied if possible or to explain to the crossing guard any other outcome of the report. Some conditions may not be correctable and this information should be shared as well. Maintenance of crosswalks and crossing guard post areas is a matter of workplace safety. Coordination with DPW regarding maintenance may allow for prioritization of crossing guard posts for shoveling, sanding, pothole repair, etc.

Hazardous Weather Rain, fog, sleet, hail, and snow:
reduce visibility for both drivers & pedestrians roads can quickly become slippery crosswalk striping may be slippery stopping distances increase children may run to shelter lightning storms - dangerous & can disrupt operation of traffic signals Weather may create hazardous conditions that require increased attention on the part of crossing guards. Walking and driving become more difficult in bad weather not only because road and sidewalk surfaces can become dangerous, but also because driver and pedestrian behavior can change with distractions caused by the weather.

Hazardous Weather Rain, fog, sleet, hail, and snow:
leads to increases in school drop-off and pick-up traffic plowed snow can: block curb ramps cause water and slush to accumulate reduce sight lines for motorists sun glare can impair drivers’ ability to see, particularly in the winter months when the sun is low in the sky Read slide.

Hazardous Weather Dress appropriately for the weather Wear:
boots that provide traction for snow & ice no sandals or flip-flops brimmed hat helps to keep rain, snow, and sun out of eyes or off glasses, hats may need to be tied on windy days. STOP paddles with a long handle may provide stability in wind, ice and snow One way to be well prepared for post duty in inclement weather is to dress appropriately. Read slide.

Hazardous Weather In adverse weather, take extra precautions:
ensure that all traffic is stopped before you step into the road plan an escape route in case you are threatened by vehicles wear the retroreflective vest on the outside of all clothing no umbrellas Be prepared to exit the street in case drivers lose control of their vehicles.

Traffic Incident Reporting
You may observe infractions that can endanger yourself and others carry a pen and notepad record a description of the vehicle and driver/other person report infraction to supervisor after shift ends unless it is an emergency do not disrupt crossing of children Vehicle Information: • Color, body style, size model of car • License plate number • Features of the driver • Time and day of incident Reporting persons: • Sex • Race • Age • Clothing description • Hair color • Height, weight, body build • Direction of travel Do not confront drivers directly. If an infraction occurs, take down the relevant information as long as this does not interfere with crossing the students. It is understood that often details cannot be obtained while crossing students, but do the best you can.

Traffic Incident Reporting
Problem Posts Numerous offenses may require a traffic safety officer to: monitor the intersection conduct a crosswalk sting set up a speed check Note to Supervisor: Chronic conditions or recurring issues at a crossing guard post may indicate the need for an engineering or enforcement response. Sight lines may be obscured or signage may be insufficient. The presence of a police car will lead to reduced vehicle speeds.

Emergencies vehicle crashes
crashes involving vehicles and pedestrians or bicyclists sudden illness of pedestrians or motorists injury of pedestrians or bicyclists Only care for the injured if you are trained to do so: first protect yourself and the children do not attempt to help if you are injured try to prevent additional damage or injury contact authorities For each situation, the crossing guard must maintain control. The police department may provide First Aid and CPR training for crossing guards to learn the appropriate response to an emergency situation. Image: © 2010, the State of Florida Department of Transportation

Emergencies In an emergency you should:
Remain at the post with the children. Group children to maintain control. Stop crossing the children until the situation is under control. If possible, call 911. If not, ask others to call 911. If a victim can walk, he or she should move out of the road. Otherwise, a victim should not be moved except by qualified emergency medical personnel. Always notify your supervisor as soon as possible of any emergency. Remain at the post with the children. Group children to maintain control. (Ask the safety patrol to assist, if available). Stop crossing the children until the situation is under control, and then determine the best way to cross them safely. If practical, you may select another temporary crossing location. If possible, report emergencies by phoning 911. If not able, ask others to call 911. Instruct the caller to give the closest intersection or cross street and describe the situation to the 911 operator. You might also ask the caller to notify the school administration so they can assist with the children. If a victim can walk, he or she should move out of the road. Otherwise, a victim should not be moved except by qualified emergency medical personnel. Always notify your supervisor as soon as possible of any emergency that may have occurred at your post.

Hiring, training and retraining
Model Municipal Policy Hiring Duties Training and Retraining Placement Crossing Guard Appreciation

Model Municipal Crossing Guard Policy
Guide for New Jersey municipalities, covers: Hiring Uniforms Training Performance review Reporting incidents Available at

Hiring N.J.S.A. 40A: Crossing guards must be supervised by the chief of police or other chief law enforcement officer of a municipality. A candidate must possess the following qualifications: Is a citizen and resident of this State; Is sound in body and of good health; Is of good moral character; and Has not been convicted of any criminal offence involving moral turpitude. Crossing guards are hired for terms not exceeding one year. New Jersey statute requires the following: Crossing guards must be supervised by the chief of police or other chief law enforcement officer of a municipality. A candidate must possess the following qualifications: Is a citizen and resident of this State; Is sound in body and of good health; Is of good moral character; and Has not been convicted of any criminal offence involving moral turpitude. Crossing guards are hired for terms not exceeding one year.

Hiring FHWA minimum qualifications (MUTCD Section 7D.03)
Should possess: Average intelligence; Good physical condition, including sight, hearing, and ability to move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles; Ability to control a STOP paddle effectively to provide approaching road users with a clear, fully direct view of the paddle’s STOP message during the entire crossing movement; Ability to communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously; Ability to recognize potentially dangerous traffic situations and warn and manage students in sufficient time to avoid injury; Mental alertness; Neat appearance; Good character; Dependability; and An overall sense of responsibility for the safety of the students FHWA guidance notes that “High standards for selection of adult crossing guards are essential because they are responsible for the safety of and the efficient crossing of the street by schoolchildren within and in the immediate vicinity of school crosswalks.” The MUTCD guidance states that crossing guards should possess these additional qualifications.

Hiring Criminal Background Check
Medical Examination – standards for conduct of job duties: Ability to stand for one to two hours at a time Ability to lift and hold in position a STOP paddle weighing approximately one pound while holding the opposite hand in an upright, raised position Ability to walk, unassisted, across the street numerous times Ability to raise both feet to step over a curb Ability to work in adverse weather conditions Crossing guards must meet requirements for vision and hearing Candidates will undergo a criminal background check as consistent with police department policy for all employees. After a job offer has been made, an applicant should undergo a medical examination to establish fitness for the position. Vision and hearing standards can be found in Part III of the Crossing Guard Training Manual, and as a document on the SRTS Crossing Guard Resource Center webpage

Hiring A physical examination should:
check mobility, blood pressure, vision, and hearing. be repeated as follows: Up to age 39: every five years From 40 to 49: every two years 50 +: every year be conducted in a clinical setting by a physician with experience examining job applicants and provided with a job description listing the physical requirements of the position New Jersey Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund

Hiring If abnormalities or deficiencies are identified, the candidate is not qualified for the position. Candidate not meeting the standards may be referred to a specialist who must be provided with the results of the first examination and the standards that are to be met. Until the specialist report is received, the candidate should not be permitted to serve as a crossing guard. If the specialist report confirms the earlier testing outcomes, the candidate is not qualified to serve as a crossing guard. As an option, candidates not meeting the standards can be referred to an appropriate specialist for further examination to determine their physical capacity to perform the duties of the position. If this option is pursued, the specialist must be provided with the results of the first examination and the standards that are to be met. Until the specialist report is received, the candidate should not be permitted to serve as a crossing guard. If the specialist report confirms the earlier testing outcomes, the candidate is not qualified to serve as a crossing guard. New Jersey Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund

Training and Retraining
Classroom Training 2 hours required (N.J.S.A. 40A: ) Practical training to practice crossing techniques and procedures Use simulated crosswalk or actual crosswalk Adopt roles of student pedestrians, crossing guards, and drivers Practice procedures for all intersection types Practice responses to incidents and emergencies The Crossing Guard Training PowerPoint to be used for classroom training can be found at Other resources that may be useful to classroom training can be found at the webpage. If you are able to hold a field training exercise, use the Field Exercise instructions and outline also found at the webpage. Otherwise, practice the 8 steps of proper crossing procedure in the classroom.

Training and Retraining
Field Review of Skills Required 20 hours (N.J.S.A. 40A: )of supervised field training including: Observation of an experienced guard, followed by Supervised practice of crossing procedures at assigned post at multiple posts - particularly for training substitute guards The second part of the required training for school crossing guards is twenty hours of on-the-job training. Training can take place at the intersection the guard will be assigned to, or at a similar intersection. If the guard will be substituting, practice at various intersections may be beneficial since each intersection presents particular situations. The guard will first observe an experienced guard and then will be supervised in actively crossing students.

Crossing Guard Focus Groups Comments on Training
Video shown does not include illustrations applicable to their corners and situations Situations may have changed since long-time guards were first employed Important to rotate posts during field training Retraining – need more information than just review of the video each year Need field retraining Interested in receiving copies of municipal policies Lack knowledge of reporting procedures This slide relates some of the responses we received when we asked crossing guards about the annual training: Annual training did not fit their situations. We presented a PowerPoint of candid crossing guard photos that elicited conversation. Guards expressed inconsistencies in crossing procedures and confusion in reporting practices. They were looking for more information and more relevant information. Training and retraining increase a guard’s confidence and prepare guards for the challenges of their role.

New Jersey School Zone Design Guide
Placement Coming Soon New Jersey School Zone Design Guide Gap assessment Age of students Road conditions (width, number of lanes) Sight distance Traffic control devices Vehicle speed Vehicle volumes Pedestrian volumes Crash history Distance from school Traffic survey Local criteria and traffic engineering judgment and analysis are needed to determine when and where a crossing guard is needed. Given changes in school-age population from year to year, an annual survey may be required to identify locations requiring crossing guards. Discontinuation of a crossing guard post due to shifts in motor vehicle traffic or student population or due to fiscal constraints should be documented. When completed, the New Jersey School Zone Design Guide will provide information on crossing guard placement. The document will be available at

Support of Crossing Guards
Crossing guard job performance can improve with access to information to be conveyed through: Tip sheets or brochures Referral to online resources Opportunities for networking with other crossing guards Retraining sessions Clear guidance on departmental procedures Timely response & support when issues arise Crossing guards need to know that their supervisors will respond in a timely manner and remedy any issues. This response will empower guards to report incidents and to command respect at their posts.

Post Observation Report
CROSSING GUARD POST OBSERVATION REPORT Observer: Post: Date: Conditions Observed Yes No N/A Conditions Notes Advance warning and traffic calming devices are in accordance with the MUTCD 2009 edition Advance warning and traffic calming devices and lights are in good condition, effective, and sufficient Crosswalks are clearly identified with signs and pavement paint Curbs and crosswalks are clear of significant trip hazards Sight lines are adequate to allow guards and drivers to see each other Guards’ personal vehicles can be parked in a safe location Cones and signs are available if necessary to restrict parking Uniforms and other equipment inspected and in good condition and used appropriately Crossing guard supervisors should inspect guard posts on an annual or semi-annual basis. A form such as this one can be used to record deficiencies. This form is available in Part III of the Crossing Guard Training Manual and is available on the Crossing Guard Resource Center webpage at

Performance Review Job Feedback: Performance checklist
New guards – observe several times during the school year Experienced guards – observed at least once during the school year If necessary, will work with you on improving your crossing skills The crossing guard’s understanding of the role of the crossing guard and standard crossing procedures may be assessed through use of a performance checklist. For experienced guards, observation by the supervisor while at their post can confirm that the guard has a firm understanding of job responsibilities and procedures, and can bring to light misunderstandings or omissions in the crossing guard training. Performance review will benefit both the crossing guard and the supervisor and ultimately the student pedestrians. New guards and reassigned guards should be observed during the first month of employment or reassignment so that any incorrect procedures can be corrected as soon as possible, and once again during the year. Permanently assigned guards should be observed as early in the year as possible after all new and reassigned guards have been observed. A copy of the observation report should be shared with the crossing guard who should be given an opportunity to discuss the report.

Performance Review Observed or reported inappropriate behavior may be addressed by issuance of a warning followed by retraining Discipline and dismissal - in response to continued complaints and further observation of inappropriate behavior, the following steps may be followed as deemed appropriate by the department: Written warning Hearing before the chief of police or other chief law enforcement officer Revocation of appointment for cause Results should be shared with the crossing guard and gaps in knowledge should be addressed before the guard assumes independent responsibility for a post.

Support of Crossing Guards
Partners: As partners with the police, guards must have have the support of the department Be Professional: Crossing guards are representatives of the police force and should dress and act appropriately Report Issues: report information to supervisor (written preferred) you will receive response in a timely manner attempts will be made to remedy issues please remind your supervisor as needed Departmental support of crossing guards contributes to their successful performance. Prompt response to issues at crossing guard posts reassures the guards that their role is important and their concerns are taken seriously. It is important to establish clear reporting procedures and to maintain communication with guards.

Crossing Guard Appreciation
Public acknowledgment of crossing guards raises awareness in the community Crossing Guard Appreciation Day during the school year “School Crossing Guard of the Year” award Crossing guard supervisors should work with municipal government officials to recognize effective, dedicated crossing guards. This may be a once-a-year breakfast where all crossing guards are recognized, or a “Crossing Guard of the Year” may be named. The community should be invited to the recognition. An award, such as “School Crossing Guard of the Year” to be given to the school crossing guard who conducts her- or himself in a professional manner when crossing students and who provides a strong role model when teaching young children appropriate street skills and behavior Source: Fort Lee Patch Police and School Officials Honor Crossing Guards at Appreciation Breakfast By Erik Wander April 13, 2011

Crossing Guard Appreciation
Crossing guards are part of a child’s community Students can participate in Crossing Guard Appreciation activities Crossing guard appreciation may be part of a special school day activity. Crossing guards figure as important community members and their contributions may be recognized by all community members.

Thank You! NJ Department of Transportation
NJ Division of Highway Traffic Safety Federal Highway Administration AAA New Jersey Municipal Excess Liability Joint Insurance Fund (NJ MEL) NJ Department of Health, Division of Occupational Safety & Health (OSHA) NJ Highway Traffic Safety Police Advisory Council (HTSPAC) NJ Police Traffic Officers Association (NJPTOA) County and regional police academies

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