1. Women’s movements of the 1920s and the 1960s

2. 1920s

3. Background
Historically, women have been considered intellectually inferior to men.
They were seen as major sources of temptation and evil.
Women were also considered naturally weaker than men
-Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement " Women's Rights Movement June 2007 <

4. Flappers
-"Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age June 2007 <

5. Flappers These women challenged traditional American values.
Characteristics of a Flapper:
Short, bobbed hair
Short hems on their skirts
Listened to Jazz music
Wore makeup
Drank hard liquor
Smoked cigarettes
Treating sex in a more casual manner
Were opposed to the conventional social and sexual norms
-"Flapper Culture & Style." The Jazz Age June 2007 <

6. 19th Amendment
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
It was ratified on August 18th, 1920.
Mount, Steve. "U.S Constitution- Amendment 19." The U.S. Constitution Online May 2007 <

7. Alice Paul She was the head of National Women’s Party.
Felt that the 19th Amendment wasn’t enough.
Pushed for an Equal Rights Amendment to be added to the constitution.
-Lewis, Jone J. "Women's History." About.Com New York Times. 15 May 2007 <
-"Alice Paul: Feminist, Suffragist and Political Strategist." Alice Paul Institute. 23 May May 2007 <
January 11th, July 9th, 1977

8. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
“Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction.”
It was first introduced to Congress in 1923.
Made all forms of discrimination based on sex illegal.
Never passed in Congress.
-"Equal Rights Amendment." National Organization of Women NOW. 19 May 2007 <

9. Margaret Sanger
In 1921, she founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL)
Today known as Planned Parenthood
In 1923, she established the Clinical Research Bureau.
The first legal birth control clinic in the U.S.
Women were then able to control their own bodies.
This movement educated women about existing birth control methods.
A 1936, a Supreme Court decision declassified birth control information as obscene.
-Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement " Women's Rights Movement June 2007 <

10. “Woman was created to be man's helpmeet, but her unique role is in conception since for other purposes men would be better assisted by other men."
--Thomas Aquinas, 13th century Christian theologian

11. Adkins v. Children’s Hospital 1923
The Supreme Court decided that a minimum wage for women violated the right to freedom of contract.
-"Women’s Rights." Encarta MSN. 1 June 2007 <
William Howard Taft was the Chief Justice

12. Education
By 1928, women were earning 39% of the college degrees given in the United States.
It had risen from the original 19% it was at the beginning of the century.
Example:
In 1926, Sarah Lawrence College was founded as an all girls school
-Graduation Historical Timeline of the University of Idaho. University of Idaho. 1 June 2007 <
-"1920s." Women of the Century Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <

13. “Pink Collared” Jobs Gave women a taste of the work world.
Low paying service occupations.
Made less money than men did doing the same jobs.
Examples of jobs:
Secretaries
Teachers
Telephone operators
Nurses
-Patterson, June. "Telephone Operators in Hazard 1961." Hazard Kentucky and Perry County; a Photo History May 2007 <

14. “Pink Collared” Jobs
Women were confined to traditional “feminine” fields in the work force.
The “new professional women” was the most vivid and widely publicized image in the 1920s.
But in reality, most middle class married women remained at home to care for their children.
-Tranter, John. Mother, NéE Anne Katherine Brown, Circa Australia. JohnTrater.com. 31 May 2007 <

15. 1960s

16. Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have A Dream“, 1963
Background
The Women's Rights Movement of the 1960s was a second wave of activism.
The women's movement of the 1960s drew inspiration from the civil rights movement
It was made up of members of the middle class
It was also caused by the sexual revolution of the 1960s
Sparked by the development of the birth-control pill in 1960
-Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement " Women's Rights Movement June 2007 <
Martin Luther King Jr. giving his "I Have A Dream“, 1963

17. Background Cont
Sexual assault and domestic violence became central targets of women's activism
The crime of rape begins to increase in numbers
Rape is sex without consent, both legally and socially
Susan Brownmiller's book, Against Her Will, examines the history of rape
Feminists work to create domestic violence shelters and rape crisis hotlines
-Eisenberg, Bonnie, and Mary Ruthsdotter. "Living the Legacy: the Women's Rights Movement " Women's Rights Movement June 2007 <

18. Glass Ceiling
Ceiling represents limiting upward advancements (not allowing women in upper management)
"glass" (transparent) because the limitation is not immediately apparent and is normally an unwritten and unofficial policy.

19. Betty Friedan Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.
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Wrote the book, Feminine Mystique in 1963.
In her book, she depicted the roles of women in industrial societies.
She focused most of her attention on the housewife role of women.
She referred to the problem of gender roles as "the problem without a name".
The book became a bestseller and was the cause for the second wave of feminism in the 60s.
-"Betty Friedan." Women of the Hall National Women's Hall of Fame. 4 June 2007 <
-Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <
Feb. 4th, Feb. 4th, 2006

20. The problem that has no name–which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities–is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease.
-- Betty Friedan
-Bachir, John J. Betty Friedan JJB Blog. 4 June 2007 <

21. National Organization for Women (NOW)
Founded in 1966.
Founded by a group of people, including Betty Friedan, and Rev. Pauli Murray.
The first African-American woman Episcopal priest.
Betty Friedan became the organization's first president.
-"NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <
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22. NOW (con’t.) The goal of NOW is to bring about equality for all women.
They campaigned to gain passage of the ERA amendment at the state level.
Issues NOW deals with:
works to eliminate discrimination and harassment in the workplace, schools, and the justice system.
secure abortion, birth control and reproductive rights for all women
end all forms of violence against women
promote equality and justice in society.
-"NOW." National Organization for Women. 4 June 2007 <

23. Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
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The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution which was intended to guarantee that equal rights under any federal, state or local law could not be denied on account of sex.
Senate and House passed bill but states did not ratify it.

24. ERA opposed Phyllis Schlafly- leader of the stop ERA movement
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Phyllis Schlafly- leader of the stop ERA movement
“Women's libbers are trying to make wives and mothers unhappy with their career, make them feel that they are "second-class citizens" and "abject slaves." Women's libbers are promoting free sex instead of the "slavery" of marriage. They are promoting Federal "day-care centers" for babies instead of homes. They are promoting abortions instead of families. “

25. First national Commission on the Status of Women
President Kennedy established the first national Commission on the Status of Women in 1961.
In 1963 the commission issued a report detailing employment discrimination, unequal pay, legal inequality, and insufficient support services for working women.
-"Women’S Rights." Encarta MSN. 1 June 2007 <

26. Equal Pay Act 1963
It is the first federal law prohibiting sexual discrimination.
In 1963 the average female worker’s wages in the United States were equivalent to 58.9 % of the average male worker’s earnings.
It abolished wage differences based on sex.
“No employer having employees subject to any provisions of this section [section 206 of title 29 of the United States Code] shall discriminate, within any establishment in which such employees are employed, between employees on the basis of sex by paying wages to employees in such establishment at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex in such establishment for equal work on jobs…” Equal Pay Act
-"The Equal Pay Act of 1963." Essortment June 2007 <
Raised womens pay from 60% to 80% by 2004.
Bureau of Labor Statistics

27. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Passed in 1964.
It banned discrimination on the basis of color, race, national origin, religion, or sex.
Section VII (called Title VII) set up the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce the act.
Put in bill to help get it defeated by making it look ridiculous.
-"1960s." Women of the Century Discovery Channel. 1 June 2007 <

28. EEOC
The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency charged with ending employment discrimination.
The EEOC investigates discrimination complaints based on an individual's race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, disability and retaliation for reporting and/or opposing a discriminatory practice.
The Commission is also tasked with filing suits on behalf of alleged victim(s) of discrimination against employers and as an adjudicatory for claims of discrimination brought against federal agencies

29. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Estelle Griswold was the executive director of Planned Parenthood League.
The case involved a Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives.
Ruled that the Constitution protected a right to privacy.
Found that Connecticut should allow married couples to use birth control.
Incorporation Doctrine used
-Griswold V. Connecticut. Warren Court. 7 June June 2007 <
Chief Justice Earl Warren (top), Estelle Griswold (right)

30. Roe v. Wade
Supreme court case that assured women the right to legal abortion.
Prior to Roe several states outlawed or restricted abortions.
Decision made on the right to privacy in the 14th Amendment.
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31. Other movements

32. Latino and Native America Civil Rights movement
The success of Civil Rights and the Women’s Movement signal the growth of other movements

33. The US faces a growing demand for cheap labor
Steady stream of new immigrants to the US.

34. Latinos in the Early 1960s
More than 900,000 Latinos lived in the United States in A Latino is any person of Latin American descent.
One-third of Mexican American families lived below the poverty line and twice as many Mexican Americans as white Americans were unemployed.
Latinos faced discrimination in education.
Schools had less qualified teachers, fewer resources, and shabbier facilities.
Few teachers were able to speak Spanish.
In politics Latinos had far less power than the size of their population warranted.
Electoral district boundaries kept Latino votes scattered.
The number of Latinos in political office was very small.
Latinos were often excluded from serving on juries.

35. Cesar Chavez
Co-founded National Farm Workers Association which became known as the UFW United Farm Workers
Implemented a worker’s strike and consumer boycott
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36. Chicano Movement Broad Mexican American social and political effort.
Worked for educating Latinos’ awareness of their history and culture.
Wanted to gain political strength

37. AIM- American Indian Movement
AIM started out helping Indians living in urban ghettos. 
AIM moved to address all civil rights issues, particularly the securing of land, legal rights, and self-government for Native Americans
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38. Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975
Granted tribes greater control over resources on reservations
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