1. Part 1: Principles of Geography

2. #1 What is Geography? Objectives:
1. Define geography as a field of study 2. Explain the difference between physical and human geography 3. Identify examples of how geography is used in the world around us

3. #1 What is Geography? Geography is the study of the earth’s surface
Geo=world or earth
Graphy=to study or write something or describe something

4. #1 What is Geography? 3 Big Questions: What? Where? Why there?
What is an amusement park? What are humans doing there?
Where?
Where are amusement parks typically located?
Why there?
Why are amusement parks located in this particular part of the US or in this part of Florida?

5. #1 What is Geography?
Physical Geography is the study of the natural features, the patterns, and processes that exist on the earth’s surface
Landforms (mountains, valleys, canyons)
Bodies of water (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers)
Geological processes (plate tectonics, weathering, erosion, climates, environments)

6. #1 What is Geography?
Human Geography is the study of human behavior – how humans interact with each other and the world around them
Cultures, societies, value systems
Cities, governments, economics

7. #1 What is Geography? Why study geography?
Geography helps us better understand the world around us
The better we understand the world around us and the people that inhabit the world, the better we can plan for future generations and ensure the continuity of mankind

8. #1 What is Geography? How is geography used:?
Cartography: the art of mapmaking
Maps help us navigate around the world
Meteorology: study of the earth’s atmosphere and its weather conditions
Meteorologists help us predict & prepare for disastrous storms & climate change

9. #1 What is Geography? How is geography used:?
Demography: the study of human populations
Demographers try to understand factor that cause human populations to grow & decline
Urban Planning: to plan for the future of cities
Urban planners use demography to plan for future public spaces, transportation, electricity, & water systems

10. #1 What is Geography? Review: Define geography as a field of study
Explain the difference between physical and human geography
Identify examples of how geography is used in the world around us

11. #2 Understanding Geography
Objectives:
Explore the 6 essential elements of geography
Identify ways geographers use the 6 essential elements of geography to interpret our world

12. #2 Understanding Geography
The world in spatial terms:
Where things are located and how things are related to each other specifically
Places and Regions:
Describe what places are like and figure out how places can be grouped into distinct regions

13. #2 Understanding Geography
Physical Systems:
Examine & understand how the earth’s natural processes are changing and shaping the earth’s surface as well as how the earth’s environments are different from each other
thunderstorms, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, hurricanes
Human Systems:
Refers to everything that humans do in their daily lives, where they live & why they settle there , and what types of cultures humans have created

14. #2 Understanding Geography
Environment in Society:
How humans affect & interact with the environment
Use wood for building & paper, build wind turbines to generate electricity = we’re adapting the land to meet our needs and wants
Wearing warm clothing & Police boats in Venice, Italy=we adapt to our environment
Uses of Geography:
Study the past to better plan for the future

15. #2 Understanding Geography
5 Themes of Geography:
Location
Place
Human-Environment Interaction
Movement
Regions

16. #2 Understanding Geography
Review:
Explore the 6 essential elements of geography
Identify ways geographers use the 6 essential elements of geography to interpret our world

17. #3 Organizing Our World Objectives:
Understand the division of the earth into continents, oceans, and hemispheres
Identify the equator and Prime Meridian
Explain the concepts of latitude and longitude
Describe the earth’s time zones and the International Date Line

18. #3 Organizing Our World Earth’s surface is made of land & water.
The land masses are divided into 7 continents:
North America, South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, Asia (largest)

19. #3 Organizing Our World
The earth has ONE ocean, but it’s divided into different parts.
Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, & Southern (not recognized by National Geographic Society)
Cardinal Directions
North, South, East, West

20. #3 Organizing Our World 4 Hemispheres Equator = 0’ latitude
Equator divides earth into Northern & Southern Hemispheres
Prime Meridian divides earth into Eastern and Western Hemispheres
Equator = 0’ latitude
Latitude = imaginary lines that run west to east, measure distance north/south of equator (0-90’ north or 0-90’ south)

21. #3 Organizing Our World Prime Meridian=0’ longitude
Longitude = imaginary lines that run north to south, measure distance east/west from the Prime Meridian (0-180’ east, 0-180’ west)
International Date Line
180’ opposite the Prime Meridian
Determines which day it is, crossing this line begins a new day!

22. #3 Organizing Our World Earth has 24 Time Zones
Because it takes the earth 24 hours to rotate on its axis (not revolution - revolution takes 1 year!)
UTC = Coordinated Universal Time

23. #3 Organizing Our World Review:
Understand the division of the earth into continents, oceans, and hemispheres
Identify the equator and Prime Meridian
Explain the concepts of latitude and longitude
Describe the earth’s time zones and the International Date Line

24. #4 Getting Familiar With Maps
Objectives:
Identify the purposes of map elements
Explore the uses for and characteristics of different types of maps
Understand what is meant by map projection
Compare and contrast commonly used map projections

25. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Map = a visual representation of the earth’s surface
Title = indicates the purpose of the map
Legend (or key) = helps us interpret what is being shown on the map
Compass Rose = gives us the cardinal directions north, south, east, west

26. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Scale = a tool that helps us to estimate distances
Physical Map = shows the physical shape of the earth’s surface such as landforms and bodies of water
Topographical Map = a type of physical map that uses lines to show both elevation and slope

27. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Political Map = maps that show political borders and boundaries as well as capital cities and other cities
Special Purpose Maps (or thematic maps) = maps that show patterns happening across the earth’s surface
Population density, natural resources, climate zones, etc.

28. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
There are combination political/ physical maps that show landforms, bodies of water, and political borders
Distortion = 2D maps are not 100% accurate because distances and shapes of the continents and oceans are distorted when the earth is made flat

29. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Mercator Projection
Created by projecting earth onto a cylinder
Has perfectly perpendicular lines of longitude and latitude
Heavily distorted
Goode Equal-Area Projection
Unwrapping earth like an orange peel
Accurately illustrates the shapes and sizes of the earth’s continents but the oceans are split apart

30. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Winkel Tripel Projection
Created using mathematical formulas to calculate distances so there are small amounts of distortion
Very visually appealing, but still distorted
Official map projection used by the National Geographic Society

31. #4 Getting Familiar with Maps
Review:
Identify the purposes of map elements
Explore the uses for and characteristics of different types of maps
Understand what is meant by map projection
Compare and contrast commonly used map projections

32. #5 New Technologies In Geography
Objectives:
Describe how remote sensing helps geographers gather information
Explore how the global positioning system is used to map our world
Explain how geographic information systems help geographers understand our world
Apply new geographic technologies to plan for the future and to find solutions to problems

33. #5 New Technologies in Geography
Remote sensing allows geographers to study something without actually being there
Answers the “what?” question
3 types:
Radar
Satellite imagery
Aerial photographs

34. #5 New Technologies in Geography
Radar:
Type of remote sensing that uses radio waves to determine direction, distance, and height of objects
Operates in all types of weather
Used by meteorologists to forecast weather & natural disasters
Used to measure elevation of different landforms
Used to control air traffic at airports

35. #5 New Technologies in Geography
Satellite Imagery:
Man-made objects (satellites) that orbit around the earth taking pictures (imagery)
Used to study environmental changes, calculate urban growth, track the scope of natural disasters, and create more accurate maps that are available to geographers

36. #5 New Technologies in Geography
Aerial Photographs
Photographs taken from the sky, typically from airplanes and helicopters
Show changes on the earth’s surface such as natural disasters, growth of cities over time, and changes in the environment (deforestation in Brazil)
Complement data from satellites

37. #5 New Technologies in Geography
GPS = Global Positioning System
Answers the “where?” question
There are 24 satellites in the atmosphere that send radio signals to receivers.
We can find our exact location on the earth (air, land, and sea) using GPS

38. #5 New Technologies in Geography
GIS= Geographic Information Systems
Computer software allows geographers to take specific types of information and plot that information on a map. Then we can see the patterns that emerge.
Answers the “why there?” question

39. #5 New Technologies in Geography
Review:
Describe how remote sensing helps geographers gather information
Explore how the global positioning system is used to map our world
Explain how geographic information systems help geographers understand our world
Apply new geographic technologies to plan for the future and to find solutions to problems

40. Part 2: Social Studies Skills

41. #1 Making Inferences & Drawing Conclusions
Objectives:

42. #2 Analyzing Date to Understand Change
Objectives:

43. #3 Common Issues Across Places & Times
Objectives:

44. #4 Connecting the Past to Present Issues
Objectives: