1. Splash Screen

2. Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
Introduction
Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationships
Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
Summary
Chapter Menu

3. Geographers study how people, places, and environments are distributed on Earth’s surface.   Climate affects where and how people live. An understanding of Earth’s climates and the factors, both physical and human, that influence them adds to a more complete view of life on Earth.
Chapter Intro 1

4. Section 1: Earth-Sun Relationship
How does Earth’s position in relationship to the sun affect life on Earth?
Chapter Intro 2

5. Earth-Sun Relationships
weather
equinox
solstice
greenhouse effect
global warming
climate
axis
temperature
revolution
Section 1-GTR

6. Climate and Weather
The relationship between the Earth and the sun affects climate, which influences life on Earth in dramatic ways.
Earth’s tilt is one reason for variations in sunlight.
The angle of tilt affects the temperature, which is measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius.
Earth rotates on its axis, making one complete rotation from west to east every 24 hours.
Section 1

7. Climate and Weather (cont.)
While Earth is rotating on its axis, it is also traveling in an orbit around the sun—this revolution takes 365 days to complete.
The Earth’s revolution and tilt cause changes in the angle and amount of sunlight that reach different locations on the planet, also known as seasons.
Effects of Earth’s Tilt
Section 1

8. Climate and Weather (cont.)
The Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
When the sun’s rays directly strike the Tropic of Cancer, this marks the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
When the sun’s rays directly strike the Tropic of Capricorn, this marks the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
Section 1

9. Earth-Sun Relationships
A. Tropic of Cancer
B. Tropic of Capricorn
Section 1-GTR

10. The Poles Climate and Weather (cont.)
At the North Pole, the sun never sets from about March 20 to September 23.
At the South Pole, the sun never sets from about September 23 to March 20.
The Earth’s Seasons
Section 1

11. The imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole through the planet’s center is known as which term?
A. Equator
B. Solstice
C. Axis
D. Equinox A B C D
Section 1

12. The imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole through the planet’s center is known as which term?
A. Equator
B. Solstice
C. Axis
D. Equinox A B C D
Section 1

13. The Greenhouse Effect
The natural process of the greenhouse effect has been influenced by human activity.
Like the glass in a greenhouse, the atmosphere traps some heat and keeps it from escaping back into space too quickly so that the Earth is warm enough to maintain life.
Section 1

14. The Greenhouse Effect (cont.)
Many scientists claim that in recent decades a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels has coincided with a general rise in global temperatures, also known as global warming.
The Greenhouse Effect
Section 1

15. Section 2: Factors Affecting Climate
What factors can affect how climates are distributed on Earth’s surface?
Chapter Intro 3

16. Factors Affecting Climate
prevailing wind
El Niño
windward
leeward
rain shadow effect
Coriolis effect
doldrums
current
Section 2-GTR

17. Factors Affecting Climate
A. low latitudes
B. high latitudes
C. Arctic Circle
D. Antarctic Circle
E. midlatitudes
Section 2-GTR

18. Factors Affecting Climate
Think about Question
Where is the most variable weather on Earth is found in which zone?
A. Low latitude zone
B. High latitude zone
C. Midlatitude zone A B C
Section 2

19. The Earth’s polar areas are considered the high latitudes.
Latitude, Elevation, and Climate
Latitude and elevation affect the angle of the sun’s rays and temperatures on Earth.
Low latitudes include the Tropic of Capricorn, the Equator, and the Tropic of Cancer.
The Earth’s polar areas are considered the high latitudes.
Section 2

20. Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)
Midlatitudes:
Between 30 degrees N and 60 degrees N in the Northern Hemisphere, and between 30 degrees S and 60 degrees S in the Southern Hemisphere, are considered the midlatitudes.
The most variable weather is found here.
Section 2

21. Elevation: Latitude, Elevation, and Climate (cont.)
At all latitudes, elevation influences climate because of the relationship between the elevation of a place and its temperature.
As elevation increases, temperature decreases.
The Influence of Elevation on Temperature
Section 2

22. Why does thinner air retain less heat?B
Section 2

23. Winds and Ocean Currents
Wind and water combine with the effects of the sun to influence Earth’s weather and climate.
Wind Patterns:
Wind blows because of temperature differences on Earth’s surface, with tropical air moving toward the Poles and polar air moving toward the Equator.
Section 2

24. Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
Global winds blow in fairly constant patterns called prevailing winds.
The Coriolis effect causes prevailing winds to blow diagonally rather than along strict north-south or east-west directions.
World Zones of Latitude and Wind Patterns
Section 2

25. Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
The Horse Latitudes:
When sailors became stranded in the doldrums, they would lighten the load of the ships, including livestock, so that a light breeze could move them.
These areas then became known as the horse latitudes.
Section 2

26. Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
Ocean currents are caused by factors such as:
the Earth’s rotation
changes in air pressure
differences in water temperature
The Coriolis effect is observed in ocean currents as well.
Ocean currents affect climate in the coastal lands along which they flow.
World Ocean Currents
Section 2

27. Winds and Ocean Currents (cont.)
Weather and Water Cycle
Wind and water work together to affect weather—driven by temperature, condensation creates precipitation
El Niño can influence climates around the world.
The Influence of El Niño
Section 2

28. Review Question
A periodic change in the pattern of ocean currents, water temperatures, and weather in the mid-Pacific region is known as which term?
A. Doldrums
B. Current
C. Prevailing Winds
D. El Niño A B C D
Section 2

29. Landforms and bodies of water influence Earth’s climate patterns.
Landforms and Climate
Landforms and bodies of water influence Earth’s climate patterns.
The climate of places located at the same latitude can be very different, depending on the presence or absence of certain physical features.
Coastal areas tend to have less changeable weather than do inland areas.
Mountain ranges have varying weather, depending on the area of the mountain.
The Rain Shadow Effect
Section 2

30. How do geographers classify Earth’s climate and vegetation?
Section 3: World Climate Patterns
How do geographers classify Earth’s climate and vegetation?
Chapter Intro 4

31. World Climate Patterns
natural vegetation
mixed forest
prairie
permafrost
hypothesis
smog
oasis
coniferous
deciduous
Section 3-GTR

32. World Climate Patterns
A. Tropics
B. Sahara
Section 3-GTR

33. World Climate Patterns Which climate would you prefer to live in?
Discussion Question
Which climate would you prefer to live in?
A. Tropical climate
B. Dry climate
C. Midlatitude climate A B C
Section 3

34. Geographers divide the Earth into regions that have similar climates.
Climate Regions
Geographers divide the Earth into regions that have similar climates.
Each of these divisions has its own characteristic soils and natural vegetation.
Latitude, Climate, and Vegetation
Section 3

35. Climate Regions (cont.)
Climates are organized into five regions:
Tropical climates—these are found in or near the low latitudes—the Tropics.
Tropical wet
Tropical dry
Section 3

36. Climate Regions (cont.)
Dry climates—there are two types of dry climates—the desert and the steppe—which occur in low latitudes or midlatitudes.
Midlatitude climates—this climate experiences variable weather patterns and season changes that give rise to a variety of natural vegetation.
World Climate Regions
Section 3

37. Climate Regions (cont.)
There are four temperate climate regions:
Marine west coast climate
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Humid continental
Section 3

38. Climate Regions (cont.)
High altitude climates—freezing temperatures are common throughout the year because of the lack of direct sunlight.
Three high altitude climate regions are:
Subarctic
Tundra
Ice cap
Section 3

39. Climate Regions (cont.)
Highland climates—high mountain areas, even along the Equator, share some of the same characteristics because of the thinning of the atmosphere at high altitudes.
World Natural Vegetation Regions
Section 3

40. Review Question Which type of climate is the least arid? A. Tundra
B. Desert
C. Rain forest
D. Mixed forest A B C D
Section 3

41. Climate Changes
Climate changes over time. Although the causes of change are unclear, evidence suggests that human activity has influenced some of the changes.
Burning fossil fuels releases gases that mix with water in the air, forming acids that fall in rain and snow.
This act can cause many changes in climate.
Dams and river diversion can also affect climate.
Section 3

42. Earth-Sun Relationships
The relationship of the Earth to the sun affects climate patterns around the world.
The Earth’s tilt and revolution cause the seasons by changing the relationship of the Earth’s surface to the sun.
When the sun is directly over the Tropic of Cancer it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere. When it is directly over the Tropic of Capricorn, it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
VS 1

43. Factors Affecting Climate
Latitude plays a major role in climate. The farther one gets from the Equator, the cooler the climate.
High elevations are generally cooler than the surrounding landscape.
Other factors that help determine climate are wind and water currents, recurring phenomena such as El Nino, and large landforms.
VS 2

44. World Climate Patterns
Geographers divide the world into major climate regions.
The major climate regions are tropical, dry, midlatitude, high latitude and highland climates. Each of these can be broken down into smaller categories.
Each climate region has its own characteristic natural vegetation.
Climate patterns change over time as a result of both natural processes and human activity.
VS 3

45. Figure 1

46. Figure 2

47. Figure 3

48. Figure 4

49. Figure 5

50. Figure 6

51. Figure 7

52. Figure 8

53. Figure 9

54. Figure 10

55. Figure 11

56. DFS Trans 1

57. DFS Trans 2

58. DFS Trans 3

59. weather
condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time
Vocab1

60. climate
weather patterns typical for an area over a long period of time
Vocab2

61. axis
an imaginary line that runs through the center of the Earth between the North and South Poles
Vocab3

62. temperature
degree of hotness or coldness measured on a set scale, such as Fahrenheit or Celsius
Vocab4

63. revolution
in astronomy, the Earth’s yearly trip around the sun, taking 365 ¼ days
Vocab5

64. equinox
one of two days (about March and September) on which the sun is directly above the Equator, making day and night equal in length
Vocab6

65. solstice
one of two days (about June and December) on which the sun’s rays strike directly on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn, marking the beginning of summer or winter
Vocab7

66. greenhouse effect
the capacity of certain gases in the atmosphere to trap heat, thereby warming the Earth
Vocab8

67. global warming
gradual warming of the Earth and its atmosphere that may be caused in part by pollution and an increase in the greenhouse effect
Vocab9

68. prevailing wind
wind in a region that blows in a fairly constant directional pattern
Vocab10

69. Coriolis effect
the resulting diagonal movement, either north or south, of prevailing winds caused by the Earth’s rotation
Vocab11

70. doldrums
a frequently windless area near the Equator
Vocab12

71. current
cold or warm stream of seawater that flows in the oceans, generally in a circular pattern
Vocab13

72. El Niño a periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water
Vocab14

73. windward
being in or facing the direction from which the wind is blowing
Vocab15

74. leeward
being in or facing the direction toward which the wind is blowing
Vocab16

75. rain shadow effect
result of a process by which dry areas develop on the leeward sides of mountain ranges
Vocab17

76. natural vegetation
plant life that grows in a certain area if people have not changed the natural environment
Vocab18

77. oasis small area in a desert where water and vegetation are found
Vocab19

78. coniferous
referring to vegetation having cones and needle-shaped leaves, including many evergreens, that keep their foliage throughout the winter
Vocab20

79. deciduous
falling off or shed seasonally or periodically; trees such as oak and maple which lose their leaves in autumn
Vocab21

80. mixed forest
forest with both coniferous and deciduous trees
Vocab22

81. prairie
an inland grassland area
Vocab23

82. permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground
Vocab24

83. hypothesis
a scientific explanation for an event
Vocab25

84. smog
haze caused by the interaction of ultraviolet solar radiation with chemical fumes from automobile exhausts and other pollution sources
Vocab26

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